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| | Iran Focus-News |
 | | AFP: Iran is likely to resume talks on its nuclear program with three EU countries soon but must still answer questions to allay fears it wants to build nuclear weapons, the UN nuclear watchdog said Wednesday. | | | The Guardian: The determination of countries across the Middle East and Asia to develop nuclear arsenals and other weapons of mass destruction is laid bare by a secret British intelligence document which has been seen by the Guardian. | | | The Washington Times: The Bush administration yesterday expressed concern about the role of Iran's military in the country's nuclear programs, saying it raised fresh fears that Tehran is seeking nuclear weapons. |
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http://www.iranfocus.com/modules/news/index.php?storytopic=8
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| | Nuclear Issues - CDI |
| | Additionally, North Korea may view nuclear weapons, and particularly the missile systems that complement them, as a valuable export technology. | | | North Korea likely sees its nuclear weapons program as means to get leverage to extract economic concessions in negotiations with the United States and even its nuclear-armed neighbors, Russia and China. | | | Evident from the five essays is a global concern about the proliferation of new methods for delivering nuclear, chemical and biological weapons. |
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http://www.cdi.org/nuclear
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| | CNS Subjects: Nuclear Weapons |
| | Though TNWs constitute a large percentage of the arsenals of the nuclear weapon states, TNWs are the least-regulated category of nuclear weapons covered in arms control agreements. | | | Several issues have been highlighted, such as security assurances and non-strategic nuclear weapons, with working papers offering concrete and constructive proposals as food for thought. | | | The following table provides a comprehensive listing of reports concerning al-Qa`ida's involvement with chemical, biological, radiological and nuclear weapons in the period between 1997 and 2005. |
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http://cns.miis.edu/research/nuclear.htm
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| | Greenpeace - Nuclear campaign |
| | Nuclear and international weapons control experts expressed concern over Australia's secretive research into uranium enrichment on the ABC 7:30 Report on Thursday night. | | | Uranium enrichment technology is 'dual use' technology, meaning it can also be used to produce materials for use in nuclear weapons. | | | "We are saying to other countries, 'You can't produce nuclear weapons'. |
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http://www.greenpeace.org.au/nuclear
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| | NRDC: Weaponeers of Waste -- The Bush DOE's Nuclear Weapons Complex and Stockpile Stewardship |
| | The report focuses on a half-dozen DOE nuclear weapons projects, revealing they are billions of dollars over budget and years behind in meeting their goals. | | | This April 2004 report from NRDC's nuclear program provides an independent assessment of the U.S. nuclear "stockpile stewardship" program, whose purpose is to guarantee a safe, reliable nuclear weapons stockpile in absence of full-scale underground testing. | | | The report found that, despite the end of the Cold War, the Bush administration is spending 12 times more on nuclear weapons research and production than on nonproliferation efforts to retrieve, secure and dispose of nuclear weapons materials worldwide. |
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http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/weaponeers/contents.asp
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| | End the nuclear threat Greenpeace International |
| | The generation of electricity in nuclear reactors produces substances than can be used for the fabrication of nuclear weapons. | | | Check out our 'zoom on doom' map for those countries with nuclear weapons programmes. | | | However, there are still many nuclear threats facing the earth, which require campaigning against until there is a nuclear free world. |
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http://www.greenpeace.org/international/campaigns/nuclear
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| | Nuclear Terrorism |
| | The Task Force warned that the "probability of nuclear terrorism is increasing" because of a number of factors including "the growing incidence, sophistication and lethality of conventional forms of terrorism," as well as the vulnerability of nuclear power and research reactors to sabotage and of weapons-usable nuclear materials to theft. | | | Further, the security of India and Pakistans embryonic nuclear arsenals is uncertain, as is the question of whether weapons in these states are secured by Permissive Action Link (PAL) systems (coded, electronic locks). | | | Nuclear Terrorism: Threat, Perception and Response in South Asia (Paul Leventhal, NCI President, and Brahma Chellaney, Center for Science and International Affairs, Harvard, paper presented to the Institute for Defense Studies and Analyses, New Delhi, October 10, 1988) |
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http://www.nci.org/nci-nt.htm
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| | NRDC: Nuclear Weapons & Waste |
| | This Sept. 2004 report critiques the Bush administration's nuclear weapons policies. | | | A decade after the Cold War, the United States is still deploying 480 nuclear weapons in Europe. | | | Support Growing for Removing U.S. Nuclear Weapons From Europe |
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http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear
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| | Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board |
| | DOE must maintain readiness of the nuclear arsenal, dismantle surplus weapons, dispose of excess radioactive materials, clean up surplus facilities, and construct new facilities for many purposes. | | | The nuclear weapons program remains a complex and hazardous operation. | | | The Board's mandate under the Atomic Energy Act is to provide safety oversight of the nuclear weapons complex operated by the Department of Energy (DOE). |
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http://www.dnfsb.gov
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| | Abolition 2000 |
| | Enroll your Mayor in the Emergency Campaign to Ban Nuclear Weapons | | | Sign-Ons Needed To Support Citizens Inspections Of Nuclear Weapons | | | Find Out who is working on nuclear abolition in your part of the world |
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http://www.abolition2000.org
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| | Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |
| | North Korea claims to have manufactured its own nuclear weapons, which intelligence officials have long suspected. | | | But the nuclear bureaucracy sees it as an opportunity to transform the multibillion-dollar weapons complex and build new and exotic warheads. | | | Is the Bush administration right when it claims that Iran's recently discovered nuclear activities are a prelude to an Iranian nuclear bomb? |
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http://www.bullatomsci.org
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| | World Nuclear Association - Energy for Sustainable Development |
| | We need nuclear disarmament, vigiliance against weapons proliferators - and we need nuclear power. | | | Today, with advanced reactors and a global system of performance review, nuclear power has achieved a superb safety record, both for plant workers and the public. | | | Nuclear power and nuclear arms both start with the natural element U-235. |
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http://www.world-nuclear.org
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| | Nuclear Files |
| | October 16, 2002 – North Korea admits to nuclear weapons program. | | | Copyright © 1998 - Nuclear Age Peace Foundation | | | This project is part of the National Science Digital Library |
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http://www.nuclearfiles.org
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| | International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) |
| | The project focuses on the conversion of high enriched uranium (HEU) into commercial fuel material that is not directly useable in nuclear weapons. | | | At its concluding session, the IAEA General Conference adopted resolutions on nuclear issues, including the implementation of safeguards in North Korea and the application of IAEA safeguards in the Middle East. | | | Fourteen kilograms of highly enriched uranium that could be used to assemble a nuclear weapon have been safely returned to the Russian Federation from the Czech Republic. |
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http://www.iaea.org
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| | Terrorism - Mini-Nukes, Bunker-Busters, and Deterrence: Framing the Debate |
| | These weapons, generally known as mini-nukes, are relatively small nuclear weapons designed to destroy underground targets, such as chemical, biological and nuclear weapons manufacturing facilities, and command bunkers. | | | As the example of the Libyan chemical weapons plant demonstrates, weapons designed for a highly specific purpose often generate explicit threats to use them for that purpose, even when the official policy is to avoid specific nuclear threats. | | | Non-nuclear states might then be compelled to develop nuclear weapons to avoid being blackmailed by nuclear states, leading to acceleration in nuclear proliferation and a heightened risk of nuclear war. |
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http://www.cdi.org/terrorism/mininukes.cfm
(1830 words)
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| | Arms Control Association: Arms Control Today |
| | Proponents of this new nuclear policy, with its “bias in favor of things that are usable,” argue that arms control and nonproliferation have failed, and therefore new nuclear weapons concepts and weapons are needed. | | | A U.S. program to develop new nuclear weapons could prompt other nations to do the same, either through the perceived need to match or deter any new technologies, or as a means to maintain their prestige in the “nuclear club.” A new arms race would be the result. | | | Arms control and nonproliferation strategies have, however, succeeded in ensuring that fewer states acquired nuclear weapons, and established a global norm against the possession and use of nuclear weapons. |
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http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2004_01-02/LevinReed.asp
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| | Unkept Promises: The U.S. Policy on Libyan Chemical Weapons Proliferation |
| | However, if nuclear weapons are seen as a proper retaliatory response to a chemical or biological weapons attack, the use of nuclear weapons is further legitimized, thus rendering nuclear proliferation more acceptable as states seek a deterrent to biological and chemical weapons attacks (Panofsky 1998:3). | | | Thus, recognizing the impossibility of any truly proportional nuclear response to a chemical attack, the United States is unable to utilize the doctrine of belligerent reprisal in the case of a Libyan attack on the U.S. with chemical weapons. | | | However, the United States' use of nuclear weapons to deter the Libyan development of chemical weapons threatens the NPT and the nuclear taboo in place since the bombings in World War II. |
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http://www.georgetown.edu/sfs/programs/stia/students/vol.01/reedk.htm
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| | CNS - New Nuclear Weapons? - May 28, 2003 - Research Story of the Week |
| | Although proponents of nuclear bunker busters claim that such weapons are needed to neutralize chemical and biological agents in bunkers, independent studies have questioned whether nuclear weapons would be effective at chemical and biological agent neutralization and whether they would lead to dispersal of these agents. | | | The two nuclear options are modifying existing nuclear weapons and developing new nuclear weapons while the third option is determining whether conventional weapons could destroy or disable deeply buried bunkers. | | | Additionally, if a nascent nuclear nation actually used a nuclear weapon against the United States or its allies, the United States would likely seek to destroy with sufficient force the remaining nuclear weapons in the other nation's arsenal while also likely striving to minimize the collateral damage done by U.S. nuclear weapons. |
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http://cns.miis.edu/pubs/week/030528.htm
(5164 words)
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| | Open Directory - Society: History: By Time Period: Twentieth Century: Atomic Age |
| | Nuclear Age Timeline - Nuclear Age Timeline, The timeline traces the nuclear age from the discovery of x-rays and radioactivity to the explosion of the first atomic bomb through the cold war to its thaw and the cleanup of the nuclear weapons complex. | | | Nuclear And Thermonuclear Weapons - Database of nuclear explosions, image gallery of test photos of US and other nuclear tests, chronology and background information on nuclear weapons. | | | Todd's Atomic Homepage - Collection of links on a variety of nuclear topics, including: university programs, job openings, reactors, anti-nuclear groups, weapons testing, waste disposal, computing, health physics, and engineering. |
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http://dmoz.org/Society/History/By_Time_Period/Twentieth_Century/Atomic_Age
(3624 words)
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| | The Strategy of Technology - Chapter 7 - Notes |
| | But the major focus on nuclear technology has been on strategic relations between the U.S. and U.S.S.R. The arms control theory is that if tests are banned, weapon development will stop; the arsenals were[?] atrophy; the user will be uncertain as to the health of his nuclear weapons; and consequently they will not be used. | | | Thus of the two major lines of nuclear technology: Weapons and other applications, only weapons and commercial production production of electrical power survived. | | | Nuclear weapons on aircraft, for example, were controlled by Permissive Action Links (PAL) so that they could be used only on authority by[?] responsibility civilians. |
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http://www.jerrypournelle.com/sot/sot_7note.htm
(3624 words)
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| | Nuclear Free World Policy - Department of Foreign Affairs - Government of Ireland |
| | In order for the nuclear disarmament process to proceed, the three nuclear-weapons-capable states must clearly and urgently reverse the pursuit of their respective nuclear weapons development or deployment and refrain from any actions which could undermine the efforts of the international community towards nuclear disarmament. | | | The maintenance of a world free of nuclear weapons will require the underpinnings of a universal and multilaterally negotiated legally binding instrument or a framework encompassing a mutually reinforcing set of instruments. | | | We therefore call on the governments of each of the nuclear-weapon states and the three nuclear-weapons-capable states to commit themselves unequivocally to the elimination of their respective nuclear weapons and nuclear weapons capability and to agree to start work immediately on the practical steps and negotiations required for its achievement. |
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http://foreignaffairs.gov.ie/policy/nuclearfreeworld.asp
(3624 words)
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| | U.S. nuclear weapon locations, 1995 thebulletin.org |
| | Consideration was given in the early deliberations of the 1993-1994 Nuclear Posture Review to remove all nuclear weapons from overseas bases (nuclear weapons were removed from South Korea in 1992), but internal NATO politics and the multilateral nature of the deployments made the decision too difficult for the Clinton administration. | | | Four major nuclear weapons maintenance and storage facilities are operated by the air force and navy: Naval Air Station North Island in San Diego, California; Kirtland Air Force Base in New Mexico; Nellis Air Force Base in Nevada; and Naval Weapons Station Yorktown near Norfolk, Virginia. | | | Since 1992, nine types of nuclear weapons have been eliminated from the U.S. nuclear arsenal, and nuclear weapons have been completely removed from eight states (Alaska, Arkansas, Florida, Kansas, Maine, Michigan, New Jersey, and New York). |
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http://www.thebulletin.org/article_nn.php?art_ofn=nd95norris
(1044 words)
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| | Issues in Science and Technology: New roles for nuclear weapons |
| | However, should nuclear weapons or weapons-usable materials reach the hands of sub-state terrorists, deterrence has little value against those who believe that life in heaven is preferable to life on Earth. | | | But interdiction of hostile delivery of nuclear weapons by other means, not mentioned by Schneider, such as container ships, land transport, aircraft, and short range cruise missiles, as well as safeguarding the huge stocks of nuclear weapons and materials, remains undersupported. | | | This would be a substitute for their possessing an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle capable of rapidly developing nuclear weapons should they break out from the NPT. |
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http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3622/is_200407/ai_n9419158
(1044 words)
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| | Weapons of mass destruction - encyclopedia article about Weapons of mass destruction. |
| | Weapons of mass destruction, especially nuclear weapons, are rarely used because their use is essentially an "invitation" for a WMD retaliation, which in turn could escalate into a war so destructive it could easily destroy huge segments of the world's population. | | | United States The Federal Government of the United States is known to possess three types of weapons of mass destruction: nuclear weapons, chemical weapons and biological weapons. | | | The primary focus of anti-proliferation efforts is to maintain control over the specialized materials necessary to build such devices because this is the most difficult and expensive part of a nuclear weapons program. |
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http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/weapons+of+mass+destruction
(4950 words)
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| | sites.htm |
| | FUNCTION: Responsible for research, development and testing of all non-nuclear components in nuclear weapons; manufactures neutron generators; develops transportation and storage systems for nuclear weapons; assesses nuclear weapons safety, security and control and helps train military personnel in the assembly and maintenance of completed weapons. | | | FUNCTION: Conducts research, development and testing activities associated with all phases of the nuclear weapons life-cycle, as well as research on non-proliferation, arms control and treaty verification technology. | | | FUNCTION: Manufactured neutron generators, thermal batteries, lithium ambient batteries, special capacitors and switches and other electrical and electronic components for nuclear weapons. |
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http://www.brook.edu/fp/projects/nucwcost/sites.htm
(4950 words)
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| | Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | These countries argue that the NPT creates a club of "nuclear haves" and a larger group of "nuclear have-nots" by restricting the legal possession of nuclear weapons to those states that tested them before 1967, but the treaty never explains on what ethical grounds such a distinction is valid. | | | The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) is a treaty, opened for signature on July 1, 1968, restricting the possession of nuclear weapons. | | | South Africa undertook a nuclear weapons program, allegedly with the assistance of Israel, and may have conducted a nuclear test over the Atlantic, but has since renounced its nuclear program and signed the treaty in 1991 after destroying its small nuclear arsenal. |
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http://www.bonneylake.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Non-Proliferation_Treaty
(4950 words)
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| | LCNP.org - Nuclear Weapons Convention |
| | "Nuclear Weapons Research" means experimental or theoretical work undertaken principally to acquire new knowledge going beyond publicly available information of phenomena and observable facts directed toward understanding, development, improvement, testing, production, deployment, or use of nuclear weapons and protection against nuclear weapons. | | | "Nuclear Weapons Facility" means any facility for the design, research, testing, production, storage, assembly, disassembly, maintenance, modification, deployment, delivery, command, or control of nuclear weapons. | | | "Nuclear Weapons State" means a state which has manufactured and exploded a nuclear weapon or other nuclear explosive device prior to 1 January 1967 [or has otherwise declared that it possesses nuclear weapons]. |
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http://www.lcnp.org/mnwc/convention.htm
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| | Thakur: Nuclear Weapon Free World |
| | Nuclear weapons, it is contended, are worse in the severity, scope and duration of their destructive effects. | | | Nuclear weapons are apparently okay in the hands of civilised Europeans but not in the hands of blacks, browns and children under sixteen. | | | The use of nuclear weapons in such wars is limited by the fact that their political and moral costs would be greater than the desired military and political objectives. |
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http://www.gmu.edu/academic/pcs/thakur.htm
(4950 words)
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| | The Oslo Accords and Israel's Nuclear Strategy |
| | With nuclear weapons and appropriate nuclear strategy, Israel could maintain, implicitly or explicitly, a credible threat of nuclear counterretaliation. | | | This means that Israel needs nuclear weapons, anong other reasons, to support possible conventional preemptions against such enemy nuclear assets, and that this need has been enlarged by the territorial expressions of the Oslo Accords. | | | The reason for this is simply that the Process enlarged Israel's need for nuclear weapons to fullfil deterrence and preemption options, and because these options might not be fulfilled successfully. |
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http://www.gamla.org.il/english/article/2000/dec/ber1.htm
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