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| | Valentinian |
 | | In religious matters Valentinian was a Christian, but a leader of far less religious fervour than any of his immediate predecessors. | | | Though it was this division which is seen as the defining moment when east and west established themselves as separate realms. | | | His father was a certain Gratianus who came from Cibalae in Pannonia. |
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http://www.roman-empire.net/collapse/valentinian-I.html
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| | Roman Emperors - DIR Valentinian I |
| | According to Sozomen, Valentinian was dismissed from the military by Julian, instead of Constantius II, for refusing to perform a pagan ritual at a pagan shrine. | | | Valentinian, alarmed by these reports, set out for Britain, sending Severus (comes domesticorum) ahead of him to investigate. | | | [[43]] Valentinian refused to get involved in the Arian controversy of the east, dismissing a deputation of eastern Nicene bishops who appealed to him to control Valens. |
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http://www.roman-emperors.org/vali.htm
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| | Chronology |
| | Valentinian writings among those buried by monks at Nag Hamadi to hide them from Catholic authorities. | | | C326-379 With state support, the Catholic church begins to expel "heretics" from their congregations. | | | 692 Suppression of Valentinianism is mentioned by Trullan Synod indicating the school still existed at this time. |
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http://essenes.net/valenc.html
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| | Valentinus and the Valentinian Tradition |
| | However, they were unable to withstand persecution by the Catholic Church indefinitely and the Valentinian school had ceased to exist as a distinct movement by the ninth century. | | | After Christianity became the state religion of the Roman Empire in 326 AD, a concerted effort was made to expel the Valentinians from the Church along with other "heretics". | | | The major Valentinian theological schools were at Rome, Alexandria and Antioch. |
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http://www.gnostique.net/Valentinus/Vschool.html
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| | The Holy Order of O:N:E: |
| | Nicotheus was widely revered as a prophet in Sethian, Valentinian and Manichean circles. | | | The Odes of Solomon Scholars are divided as to whether this collection of hymns is Valentinian or Jewish Christian in origin. | | | The Gospel of Philip This is an anthology of Syrian Valentinian sources. |
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http://essenes.net/valen31.html
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Valentinian I |
| | Constantius had formerly applied the property of the pagan temples to Christian churches, and Julian had given the church property to the temples, but Valentinian claimed all this transferred property, possibly from a desire of wealth, as well as from a wish to be impartial to all religions and also to reduce public taxation. | | | On Jovian's death Valentinian was proclaimed emperor (26 Feb., 364), and at once ha appointed his brother Valens ruler of the East. | | | He restored the cross and the name of Christ to the labarum from which Julian had removed them, supported Pope Damasus against Ursinus in the dispute concerning the papal election, forbade judicial proceedings on Sundays, exempted Christian soldiers from guarding pagan temples, or Christians from being made gladiators. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15254c.htm
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| | Valentinus and the Valentinian Tradition |
| | Valentinian teachers make use of metaphorical myths to describe the alienation between human beings and God and how this alienation is overcome through Jesus. | | | For Valentinians, sin includes the desire as well as the action, for "it is always a matter of the will, not the action" (Gospel of Philip 66:29). | | | The original Greek term for "sin" derives from archery and literally means "missing the mark." According to Valentinian theologians, sin was a natural consequence of ignorance of God. |
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http://www.webcom.com/~gnosis/library/valentinus/Valentinian_Sin.htm
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| | Valentinus |
| | Valentinus was a "2nd century AD), Egyptian religious philosopher, founder of Roman and Alexandrian schools of Gnosticism, a system of religious dualism (belief in rival deities of good and evil) with a doctrine of salvation by gnosis, or esoteric knowledge. | | | "Second-century Valentinian theologians claimed that, according to Paul, portions of the Mosaic code and the Old Testament contained ordinances which derived from this usurper god and not from the Highest God, whom they identified as the Father of Jesus." | | | In whom the god of this aeon [age] hath blinded the minds of them who believe not, lest the light of the glorious gospel of Christ, who is the image of God, should shine unto them." |
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http://www.mystae.com/restricted/streams/gnosis/valentinus.html
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| | Valentinus and the Valentinian Tradition |
| | The Gospel of Truth is one of the most important Valentinian works discovered as part of the Nag Hammadi cache. | | | As is normal in Valentinian thought, the Gospel of Truth describes an intimate association between matter and lack. | | | In a parallel account later in the text, the author describes how the Father "was the object of fear, and disturbance and instability and indecisiveness and division, there was much futility at work among them and much empty ignorance" (29:1-8). |
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http://www.webcom.com/gnosis/library/valentinus/Error_GTruth.htm
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| | Chapter One |
| | Come Gratian, come.” Valentinian gestured to the boy who followed reluctantly, glancing nervously at the grim-faced soldiers standing to attention as they approached. | | | .“You flatter yourself Marsallas,” Valentinian prodded his cheek with the tip of the sword. | | | His clothing was sodden and torn in various places, revealing watery crimson stains beneath. |
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http://freespace.virgin.net/tscott.hunter/chapter12.htm
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| | Late Empire AD 284 - 496, Ancient Roman coins - Calgary Coin Gallery |
| | Gratian, the seven-year-old son of Valentinian, was raised to Augustus in AD 367. | | | In AD 392 the murder of Valentinian II brought the House of Valentinian to a close, leaving the House of Theodosius firmly in power. | | | The house of Theodosius came to an end 70 days later when Petronius was killed by a mob panic-stricken by the approach of the Vandalic fleet out of Carthage. |
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http://www.calgarycoin.com/roman8.htm
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| | The Valentinian Cosmology |
| | Valentinus was a second-century Christian who was expelled by the early Church (who doubtless found his theology too esoteric) and went on to found his own school. | | | It is most unlikely that all the doctrines termed "Valentinian" are attributable to him; but rather they were developed by his students. | | | a superb site - comprehensive coverage of the Valentinian movement. |
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http://kheper.net/topics/Gnosticism/Valentinian.htm
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| | Jesus Conference Abstract: De Conick |
| | Drawing from this reservoir of imagery, the Valentinians created cosmological structures and Christological doctrines which centered around the Jewish traditions of a heavenly Temple in which God's manifestation or Kavod dwells. | | | Both at the level of particular details and larger theological structure, in order to avoid being guilty of parallelomania De Conick needs to lay out the ideological particularities of the temple traditions in their gnostic form over against second Temple Jewish mythology. | | | What does second-century Valentinian Gnosticism have to do with the historical origins of the worship of Jesus? |
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http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/~www_sd/jconf_deconick.html
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| | [No title] |
| | All I wanted to do was stay on the land and have some time to get over my brush with Death’s dark embrace. | | | I sent my most trusted servant, a eunuch who was called Hyacinthus, with my signet ring and some money to negotiate with the barbarian. | | | In a rage, he had Hyacinthus further tortured and beheaded. |
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http://www.bitsofhistory.com/ace/essays_03/School06.doc
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Valentinian II |
| | Justina was opposed to the orthodox party; she endeavoured to set up an Arian bishop at Milan and to procure a church for his followers, but was thwarted by St. Ambrose, who protested that the churches belonged to the bishop not to the emperor. | | | Maximus was defeated, but Justina soon died, and Valentinian fell under the evil influence of Arbogast, who had him assassinated later. | | | Son of Valentinian I and his second wife Justina. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15255a.htm
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| | Valentinian II |
| | Valentinian, not being the wiser, complained to Theodosius by correspondence about his situation and lack of empowerment. | | | - Valentinian II standing right, stepping on captive, holding labarum and globe. |
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http://www.dirtyoldcoins.com/natto/id/val2.htm
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| | ACM Presents DOUG SMITH: JunkBox II: Valentinian & Theodosius |
| | During this period, it was considered a higher honor to have the obverse legend broken in the middle rather than in a continuous arc. | | | The answer was found in the person of Theodosius I, the greatest general of the day, who was appointed Augustus of the East. | | | Their coins are a bit more varied and interesting than those of their father and uncle. |
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http://www.ancientcoinmarket.com/ds/junkbox2/1.html
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| | Roman Emperors - DIR-Valentinian III |
| | Like his mother, Valentinian was devoted to religion. | | | He contributed to churches of St. Laurence in both Rome and Ravenna. | | | Placidus Valentinianus, later the emperor Valentinian III, was born in 419, the son of the emperor Honorius' sister Galla Placidia and the patrician, later emperor, Constantius. |
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http://www.roman-emperors.org/valenIII.htm
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| | The History of the Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire - Vol 3 - Chapter XXXIII Part I |
| | It was resolved, that Ardaburius should embark with the infantry; whilst Aspar, at the head of the cavalry, conducted Placidia and her son Valentinian along the sea-coast of the Adriatic. | | | He contented himself with the possession of the East; and wisely relinquished the laborious task of waging a distant and doubtful war against the Barbarians beyond the Alps; or of securing the obedience of the Italians and Africans, whose minds were alienated by the irreconcilable difference of language and interest. | | | Valentinian, when he received the title of Augustus, was no more than six years of age; and his long minority was intrusted to the guardian care of a mother, who might assert a female claim to the succession of the Western empire. |
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http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/roman/TheDeclineandFallofTheRomanEmpire-3/chap26.html
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| | Valentinian III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Ravenna was Valentinian's usual residence; but he fled to Rome on the approach of Attila, who, after ravaging the north of Italy, died in the following year (453). | | | On the reverse, the three of them in wedding dresses. | | | Our chief original sources for the reign of Valentinian III are Prosper's Chronicles, Jordanes whose Gothic History was written in the 6th century, and the poet Sidonius Apollinaris. |
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http://www.pineville.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Valentinian_III
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| | Class Notes: 24 October 2003 |
| | Ambrose threatens Valentinian with excommunication and likens him to Julian. | | | What arguments does Symmachus use in his attempt to sway Valentinian? | | | What does he say about ancestors and custom? |
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http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~otherw/WOLA1024.html
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| | Rome - Vol II, Chapter XXV, Part 4 |
| | In the unsuspicious moment of a Christian festival, I Rando, a bold and artful chieftain, who had long meditated his attempt, suddenly passed the Rhine; entered the defenceless town, and retired with a multitude of captives of either sex. | | | The fugitives escaped to the third, and most considerable, camp, in the Catalonian plains, near Chalons in Champagne: the straggling detachments were hastily recalled to their standard; and the Barbarian chiefs, alarmed and admonished by the fate of their companions, prepared to encounter, in a decisive battle, the victorious forces of the lieutenant of Valentinian. | | | It was the opinion of Valentinian, that his soldiers must learn to fear their commander, before they could cease to fear the enemy. |
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http://www.cca.org/cm/rome/vol2/ch2504.html
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| | Medieval Sourcebook: Ambrose to Valentinian 386 |
| | Medieval Sourcebook: Ambrose to Valentinian 386 [Letter 21] | | | I, Ambrose, Bishop, offer this memorial to the most gracious Emperor, and most blessed Augustus Valentinian. | | | AMBROSE, Bishop, to the most gracious Emperor and blessed Augustus, Valentinian. |
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http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ambrose-let21.html
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| | Valentinian II- Portrait Gallery of Roman Emperors on Coins |
| | Valentinian II was consul in AD376 and again in AD378 with his uncle Valens who was killed later that year fighting the Goths at Adrianople. | | | The sources tell us that Arbogast was in complete control of Valentinian II who frequently complained about the situation to Theodosius. | | | Valentinian II was born in AD371, the son of Valentinian I and his second wife Justina. |
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http://www.24carat.co.uk/valentinianii.html
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| | Valentinian II |
| | This was due to intense rivalry between the Danubian legions and those on the Rhine, feeling the German legions had too much say, this was a demonstration of Danubian power. | | | The eastern emperor now negotiated a peace with Magnus Maximus, both on his own as well as on Valentinian II's behalf. | | | Valentinian II was born at Treviri in AD 371, the son of Valentinian and Justina, as the half-brother to Gratian. |
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http://www.roman-empire.net/collapse/valentinian-II.html
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| | Augustine Samizdata.net |
| | It was simply that religious toleration was a perfectly respectable point of view for a Christian in Valentinian's time. | | | The other point of view (that at least non Christians should be persecuted) was widely held also - for example by the powerful Ambrose, Bishop of Milan. | | | Valentinian's own brother (the Emperor of the East - Valens) persecuted Christians that held to a different point of view to himself (as Valens was an Arian this meant persecuting people who held what later became the mainstream point of view). |
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http://www.samizdata.net/blog/archives/003149.html
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| | Articles - Valens |
| | When Valens died however, the cause of Arianism in the Roman East was to come to an end. | | | None of this sat well with the Persians, who began agitating again for compliance with the 363 treaty. | | | His death was considered a sign from God. |
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http://www.gaple.com/articles/Valens?mySession=343736e6a308b6cd6b09a0d3bd8db817
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| | The Llewellyn Encyclopedia: Spirituality |
| | Goddess A female god or deity; a greatly adored woman; a woman of great beauty | | | The two major branches of Gnosticism were Sethian or Jewish Gnosticism, and Valentinian or Christian Gnosticism. |
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http://www.llewellynencyclopedia.com/subjects.php?gen_sbj=Spirituality
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| | Rome - Vol II, Chapter XXV, Part 7 |
| | By his marriage with the granddaughter of Constantine, the son of Valentinian acquired all the hereditary rights of the Flavian family; which, in a series of three Imperial generations, were sanctified by time, religion, and the reverence of the people. | | | He reviled, in the most intemperate language, their baseness, their ingratitude, their insolence. | | | Valentinian was about fifty-four years of age; and he wanted only one hundred days to accomplish the twelve years of his reign. |
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http://www.cca.org/cm/rome/vol2/ch2507.html
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| | Valentinian I, Emperor of Rome |
| | Valentinian furthered education throught the Empire, provided medical care for the poor, and though he was an orthodox Christian he tolerated all religions. | | | Valentinian appointed his brother, Valens, to rule with him in the East. | | | Valentinian himself took Illyricum, Italy, Gaul, Britain, Africa, and Spain under his direct administration, leaving the eastern provinces to his brother. |
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http://www.ghg.net/shetler/oldimp/263.html
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| | The History of the Decline and Fall of The Roman Empire - Vol 2 - Chapter XXV Part I |
| | In the time of Julian he provoked the danger of disgrace, by the contempt which he publicly expressed for the reigning religion; and it should seem, from his subsequent conduct, that the indiscreet and unseasonable freedom of Valentinian was the effect of military spirit, rather than of Christian zeal. | | | Valens was now in the thirty-sixth year of his age; but his abilities had never been exercised in any employment, military or civil; and his character had not inspired the world with any sanguine expectations. | | | He possessed, however, one quality, which recommended him to Valentinian, and preserved the domestic peace of the empire; devout and grateful attachment to his benefactor, whose superiority of genius, as well as of authority, Valens humbly and cheerfully acknowledged in every action of his life. |
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http://www.worldwideschool.org/library/books/hst/roman/TheDeclineandFallofTheRomanEmpire-2/chap47.html
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| | A Dictionary of Christian Biography and Literature to the End of the Sixth Century A.D., with an Account of the ... |
| | I will remove thy head from off thee." Ambrose answered, "God grant thee to fulfil thy threat; for I shall suffer what bishops suffer, and thou wilt do what eunuchs do. | | | He conveyed a message, or reported a saying, of the emperor's, and added, "While I am alive, dost thou contemn Valentinian? | | | Calligonus, eunuch and chamberlain to Valentinian II., insulted Ambrose, a.d. |
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http://www.ccel.org/ccel/wace/biodict.v.iii.x.html
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| | Fortune's Stroke: Chapter Two |
| | All of the Romans except Valentinian already had their heavy lances in position. | | | None of his companions were, except -- Valentinian already had his bow out. | | | Seeing the four men glaring at him in the moonlight, and sensing the crystalline glare coming from within his own mind, Belisarius sighed. |
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http://jiltanith.thefifthimperium.com/Collections/FortunesStrokeChapters/FortunesStroke_02.htm
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| | Valentinian I -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | He was the son of the patrician Flavius Constantius (who ruled as Constantius III in 421) and Galla Placidia. | | | Following Valentinian's sudden death in 375, the West was governed by his son Gratian, then 16 years old, who had been given the title of Augustus as early as 367. | | | Valentinian, who was the son of an army officer stationed in Pannonia (in central Europe), joined the army and served with his father in Africa. |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9074696?tocId=9074696
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| | 1.2.2.9.1 The House of Valentinian |
| | Maximus was defeated, Valentinian was restored, but he lacked command ability and Arbogastes overthrew him in 392. | | | Valentinian fled to the East, returning with Theodosius and his army. | | | After Valentinian died, Gratian and Valentinian II were appointed to rule the West. |
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http://www.classicalcoins.com/page58.html
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| | A Valentinian Mass - Xnoubis |
| | In the power of the Sacred Knowledge go in peace, making your spirits a worthy company for the angels of the Holy One. | | | A Ritual Based on Historical Valentinian Materials by |
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http://www.ecsd.com/~msanborn/valmass.html
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| | Greenwood Publishing Group I1 |
| | In Valentinian's reign the struggle was manifested in the trials of practitioners of magic. | | | Professor Alfoldi describes the conflict in the reign of Emperer Valentinian I between the old world of pagan thought and custom and the new order created by the conversion to Christianity of Constantine the Great. | | | Despite Valentinian's noble policy of tolerance, he regarded the practice of magic by leading Roman nobles, which the Senate and aristocracy of Rome considered acceptable maintenance of traditional rites, as disloyalty and dangerous to his person and to the state. |
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http://info.greenwood.com/books/0313208/0313208360.html
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| | Articles - Roman Emperor (Late Empire) |
| | Constantius III married Arcadius's and Honorius's sister Galla Placidia, and she bore him a son, Valentinian III. | | | Valentinian III's wife Licinia Eudoxia (who after his death married Petronius Maximus, see below) bore him a daughter, Placidia, who married Olybrius (see below). | | | He abolished paganism entirely and made Christianity the official religion of the Empire in 391, overthrew Arbogast and his puppet Emperor, Eugenius, in the West in 394, and was the last Emperor to rule both East and West. |
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http://www.lastring.com/articles/Roman_Emperor_(Late_Empire)?mySession=cbf974e20c9eb81c9f1fbbeef63279c5
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| | Valentinus and the Valentinian Tradition |
| | Error in the Gospel of Truth Revised Feb 12, 2002! | | | Valentinians made use of a series of elaborate metaphors to describe how human beings have become alienated from God and how they can be reconciled to God through Jesus Christ. | | | Valentinians taught a type of esoteric or "Gnostic" Christian theology. |
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http://www.gnostique.net/Valentinus/Varticles.html
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| | Valentinian III |
| | The grandson of Valentinian II, Valentinian III was the son of Constantius III (who in turn had no relation to the Constantines). | | | Rev: VICTORIAAVGGG Exe: R/M/COMOB - Valentinian III to right, standing, facing, holding cross on globe and globe, being crowned by Hand of God, facing Theodosius II to left, standing, facing, holding cross and globe. | | | RIC 2034 (X, Valentinian III), Depeyrot 42/1 Solidus Obv: DNPLAVALENTINIANVSPFAVG - Diademed bust left, wearing consular robes, holding mappa and cross. |
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http://www.dirtyoldcoins.com/natto/id/val3.htm
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| | Byzantine Coins May 2001 Coin of the Month |
| | During the honeymoon it became necessary to strike additional coins (beyond what he brought with him and the marriage solidi that he had struck) and the die sinker took a Ravenna die and recut a 'T' and 'S' into the fields to represent that they were struck in Thessalonica. | | | Therefore, when Valentinian III went to Constantinople to get married it can be concluded that he brought with him a travel mint to supply the necessary coinage for his trip. | | | Notice that the two obverses are from the same die, but the upper coin has several indications of a later die state. |
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http://www.byzantinecoins.com/May2001.html
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| | Origen of Alexandria [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | In his Commentary on John, Origen refutes the doctrines of a Valentinian Gnostic named Heracleon, who had earlier written a commentary on the same Gospel. | | | Foremost among these sects was the group of schools loosely labelled 'gnostic.' The Valentinian school (founded by Valentinus, an outstanding teacher and philosopher who was at one point a candidate for bishop of Rome) was the most philosophically accomplished of the Christian Gnostic sects. | | | While Origen's opposition to Gnosticism precluded any doctrinal influence, he saw in Gnosticism the value of a system, for it was precisely by virtue of their elaborate and self-consistent systems that the Gnostics were successful in gaining adherents. |
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http://www.iep.utm.edu/o/origen.htm
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| | Theodosius - History for Kids! |
| | In 391 AD, under the influence of Bishop Ambrose (now St. Ambrose) of Milan, Theodosius made it illegal to practice pagan religious rituals even in your own house. | | | Jovian was succeeded by another Eastern general, Valentinian, who was a Catholic. | | | He ruled along with Gratian and Valentinian II, the young son of Valentinian I, and he married Galla, the daughter of Valentinian I. Theodosius was able to regain the upper hand militarily, though mostly by making treaties with both the Visigoths and the Sassanids. |
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http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/romans/history/theodosius.htm
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| | 1.2.2.9 The Houses of Valentinian and Theodosius |
| | Theodosius then overcame Maximus to restore Valentinian, who was again overthrown in 392 by Eugenius, whom Theodosius also defeated and executed in 394. | | | After Jovian's death and the brief revolt of Procopius, Valentinian (with his brother Valens) ruled effectively until his death in 375. | | | Valens fell in battle against the Goths three years later. |
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http://www.classicalcoins.com/page26.html
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| | Ancient Roman Imperial Coins - page 4 |
| | Note: This officinae (V and Gamma) from Tessalonica mint are recorded for Valentinian, but not for Valens (although one should be expected for Valens as well, since these issue were parallel for both Emperors), and this variety is in neither RIC or BMC. | | | Quite an interesting and unique coin, very rare and in superb condition. | | | Page 19 - Valentinian I to Theodosius I (364-395 AD) |
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http://www.ancientcoins.ca/roman19.html
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| | Valentinian I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Valentinian was a Christian but permitted absolute religious freedom to all his subjects. | | | Later, in 374, Valentinian made peace with their king, Macrianus, who from that time remained a true friend of the Romans. | | | Valens managed to defeat his army at Thyatria in Lydia in 366, and Procopius was executed shortly afterwards. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valentinian_I
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| | Sandys Timelines for Ancient Roman History |
| | Valentinian names his son Gratianus (Gratian) as Augustus. | | | Triumphal entry of Theodosius into Rome, with his son Honorius, and Valentinian. |
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http://www.slu.edu/colleges/AS/languages/classical/latin/tchmat/pedagogy/chron/romchr11.html
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| | MSN Encarta - Search Results - Valentinian I |
| | Books about "Valentinian I" Search for books about your topic, "Valentinian I" | | | Valentinian II (371-92), Western Roman emperor (375-92), the son and successor of Valentinian I. He shared the first eight years of his reign with his... | | | Valentinian II (371-92), Western Roman emperor (375-92), the son and successor of Valentinian I. He shared the first eight years of his reign with... |
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http://encarta.msn.com/Valentinian_I.html
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