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| | Shi'a Islam |
 | | The response of 'Ali's sons, al-Hasan and al-Husayn, to the ascendancy of the Umayyads was to remain silent in the hope that, on the death of Mu'awiyya, the caliphate would be transferred back to the Prophet's family. | | | A rebellion led by 'A'isha, the daughter of Abu Bakr and wife of the Prophet, was defeated by 'Ali's supporters at the Battle of the Camel, which took place near Basra in 656. | | | The conflict between 'Ali and Mu'awiyya was brought to an end in 661 when 'Ali was stabbed to death by a Kharijite in front of a mosque in his capital city Kufa. |
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http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/islam/shia/geness.html
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| | ARAB WORLD The expansion of Islam |
| | Under the Ummayad Caliphate, the family of the Prophet, as the natural source for all candidates for power, was given an extensive and, in many ways, tribal definition. | | | The Abbassid branch overthrew the Ummayads in the middle of the 2nd century AH (8th century AD) and shifted the seat of power to Iraq, where the second Abbassid Caliph built Baghdad, not far from the site of ancient Babylon. | | | Sunni Muslims are, historically speaking, the inheritors of those who rallied to Mu'awiya, the successful rival of the Prophet's cousin and son-in-law Ali. |
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http://www.imarabe.org/ang/perm/mondearabe/theme/docs/3.html
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| | Cleric joins martyrs of religion steeped in blood |
| | But Ali was murdered in his turn by the followers of the Ummayads and when Ali's son, Hussein, tried to succeed his father, he, too, was slain, in the southern Iraqi town of Kerbala. | | | Since the death of Ali and Hussein, Shi'ism (the word derives from shi'a Ali, or "party of Ali") has come to stand for a dedication to the core religious values of the Prophet. | | | As caliph, Ali advocated a strict, or fundamentalist, adherence to the commands of the Koran. |
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http://www.opinion.telegraph.co.uk/htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1999/02/23/wrak123.html
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| | Byzantium Faith and Power 1261–1557 |
| | Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258 C.E.): the Second Islamic Dynasty of caliphs who seized power from the Damascus based Ummayads in 750 C.E. The Abbasids were descendents of Abbas, the uncle of Muhammad; they ruled from their imperial capital of Baghdad, later from Samara, and then once again from Baghdad. |
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http://www.metmuseum.org/explore/byzantium_III/glossary_a.html
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| | Short Introduction to Shi'ism |
| | The Ummayad army returned to Yazid with the heads of Husayn and his followers on their spears. | | | In 680, however, upon the death of Mu'awiyah, Ali's younger son Husayn turned against the Ummayads. | | | He was not opposed by Ali's older son Hassan, who abdicated the title in his favor. |
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http://faculty.juniata.edu/tuten/islamic/shiism.html
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| | Boston.com / News / World / Middle East / A look at the holy day Ashoura |
| | Hussein's father, Imam Ali, had been killed 20 years earlier, and leadership of the Islamic community was taken by the Damascus-based Sunni Ummayad dynasty. | | | Finally, Hussein was left with only handful of supporters, women and children, thirsty in the desert and surrounded by Ummayad forces. | | | Hussein and the men with him were decapitated, and the women taken prisoner. |
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http://www.boston.com/news/world/middleeast/articles/2004/03/02/a_look_at_the_holy_day_ashoura?mode=PF
(390 words)
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| | The Prophet Muhammad's Family |
| | Mu'awiyah (caliph 661-680), founder of the Ummayad dynasty, claimed a blood relationship with the Prophet via his sister, Umm Habibah (who was the Prophet's wife), and his father Abu-Sufyan, the leader of the Meccan Quraysh. | | | Unfortunately, once Abbas al-Saffah became Caliph in 750, he distinguished himself by murdering every Ummayad he could find and then executing or otherwise eliminating all the major 'Alid contenders, a practice that was followed by his successors. | | | Shi'ites opposed to the Ummayads would support only an 'Alid, or a descendant of Ali. |
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http://faculty.juniata.edu/tuten/islamic/family.html
(463 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Thus, underlining the Islamic conception of the Imamate and revealing the falsehood of the Ummayad claims were among the fundamental reasons that made the Imam declare his revolution. | | | We the members of the family of Muhammad (Ahl ul-Bait) are more entitled to be the rulers than those who claim what is not rightfully theirs; those oppressors and tyrants". | | | Nevertheless, the faithful forces, with Imam Hussein (A.S.) as their leader, had benefited a lot from these points of weakness in the personality of such an evil ruler. |
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http://www.imamalinet.net/vigenam/moharam1422/en/d.htm
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| | Untitled |
| | Their need for knowledge was fulfilled by the Imams of the Ahlulbayt. | | | Masudi mentions in his history that once he had sent 10,000 Dinars to Zaid Ibn Ali to help him against the Ummayads. | | | Most prominent among them was Zaid, the respected son of Imam Zainul Abedeen (AS) His religious zeal and piety were known throughout Arabia. |
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http://www.al-islam.org/kaaba14/9.htm
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| | Phoenicia, Phoenician Christians, The First Converts Outside the Jews |
| | That is why Ummayad caliphs, with the exception of Umar II, did not press for or even favor, conversion to the Islamic faith. | | | With the Umayyad's fall in 750 the hegemony of Syria in the world of Islam ended and the glory of the country passed away. | | | Umar was shocked that non-Muslims should exercise authority over Muslims, and tried to prevent it. |
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http://phoenicia.org/xtian.html
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| | iranFilter Shi'ism |
| | Shi'ism "Shi'ia" literally means, "The Party of 'Ali", and the divisions between the Ummayads and the followers of 'Ali gave rise, in the longer term to a lasting sectarian division. | | | The Shi'ites claim that 'Ali was the second Muslim after Muhammad's first wife, Khadija, while Sunnis, who kept faith with the Ummayads claim him as the third, putting Abu Bekr before him. | | | The vast majority of Shi'ites are the twelve imam or twelver shi'ites (ithna 'ashari) and live today primarily in Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon. |
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http://iranfilter.com/link.php/438
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| | EUH 2000.05 Ch 7 terms |
| | Umma, jihad, caliph/khalifa (later ayatollahs), Khalid ibn al-Walid, Sassanids, 'Ali, Ummayads, Tariq ibn Ziyad (the Great), Abbasids, emirs |
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http://pegasus.cc.ucf.edu/~adarty/EUH2000-5/ch7classicallegacyterms.html
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| | Damascus_Timeline |
| | They were from a clan called the Ummayads and were known as religious and modest leaders, but their clan later began enriching themselves. | | | The successors of Muhammad - Abu Bakr and Umar - were called caliphs (a short form of Commander of the Faithful). | | | Islam was plagued by the assassination of Uthman (third caliph) and civil war. |
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http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/IBn_Battuta/Damascus_Timeline.html
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| | Subzero Blue: New Iraqi Flag |
| | Green is said to have been the prophet Muhammad's favorite color; | | | harkening back to the battle banners of the medieval Islamic dynasties of the Fatimids, Ummayads and Abbasids. |
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http://www.subzeroblue.com/archives/001186.html
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| | THE ALEVI OF ANATOLIA: TURKEY'S LARGEST MINORITY |
| | The Islamic concept of God as patriarchal and authoritarian, judging people by their works, is coupled to the idea of a loving God with whom you can be united by a heartfelt faith and esoteric rites. | | | Alevis venerate Ehlibeyt - the House of the Prophet (Muhammad, Ali, Fatima, Hassan, Hussein) - seen as transcendent and superior to all others, and offer them love and reverence (sevgi ve saygi). | | | They reject all enemies of ehlibeyt, especially the Ummayads who are seen as the personification of evil: they imposed Sunnism as the dominant orthodoxy to enslave the masses; distorted true Islam; destroyed the original Quran and pro-Alid Hadiths, and persecuted the Imams. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/az/rescon/ALEVI.html
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| | A Brief Course of Islam |
| | The sufferings of the Imams at the hands of the Ummayads: some banished, others poisoned, or forced to retire, while witnessing the tyrannies of Ummayads – great lessons in Covenant and Covenant breaking | | | Substantial agreement on issue relating to Qur’an and the life of Muhammad | | | Ummayads who usurped the Caliphate were corrupt, worldly and tyrannical |
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http://bci.org/bahaistudies/courses/Islam.htm
(3804 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | The Ummayad dynasty's relationship to the prophet, Muhammad. | | | Commercial site hosted by Liber Patrum, meaning Book of Ancestors. | | | Chart depicts rulers of the Ummayad caliphate and the years in which they reigned. |
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http://www.pearsoncustom.com/allpages/umayyaddynasty_bot.html
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| | The New Jersey Scholars Program 2004 |
| | With Amys [Religion teacher] diligence yet open-mindedness, we read parts of the Hebrew Bible, the New Testament, the Quran on the same night while contemplating the importance of God and spirituality. | | | With Yoavs [History and Politics teacher] straightforward and hard-hitting style, we absorbed the most meticulous details on the Ummayads, the Ottoman Empire, and the 1967 War. |
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http://www.lawrenceville.org/njsp/2004GraduationRemarks.html
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| | Halsall/Introduction to the Medieval World/ Class 6 |
| | Competition with Ali for post, Uthman elected Led eventually to civil wars - 655 Uthman killed by Ali and others. | | | Made Kufa the new Capital Kharajites rejected Caliphs at time - "decision belongs to God alone" 5. | | | Conversions Slow at first - Often from Christians IV. |
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http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/lect/med06.html
(643 words)
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| | Question: Assess the main achievements of the first four caliphs (632 to 661 AD). How powerful and united was the Arab ... |
| | Caliph Ali reigned from Ad 655-661.There were no profound achievements during the reign of Ali even though Ali was not an Ummayad and thus was supported by the non-Ummayad dissidents. | | | Being a Ummayad, Abu Bakr had political and military powers to complement his religious authority and at the start of Abu Bakr's reign, the Arabs were able to conquer the whole of the Middle East. | | | In 656, Caliph Othman was assassinated and from then onwards, the role of the Caliph became a less religious and more political one. |
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http://www.onlineessays.com/essays/history/his106.php
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| | IMHO: Historical Aside |
| | A second purely intra-Islamic debate that escalated with the Muslim's spreading conquests and one related to the issue of succession was the very conception of the religious community. | | | While the issue was initially one of leadership, the Shi'ites later developed a theological rationale for their oppositional stance, both to the Ummayads and later to the Abbasids, and their movement produced a number of doctrinal offshoots and its own schools of legal interpretation. | | | The Ummayads regarded them as sectarians, giving them the label Shi'ites, in contrast to the label Sunni, or orthodox, which they applied to themselves. |
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http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~kramarsky/kramarskyblog/archives/000116.html
(379 words)
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| | World Heritage Sites in Jordan |
| | Dating from the beginning of the 8th century, this is one of the oldest remaining Islamic baths. | | | Syria under the Ummayads and `Abbasids (7-11th c. | | | Containing remains from the Roman, Byzantine and Early Moslem periods (end of 3rd to 9th century AD), the site started as a Roman military camp and grew to become a town as of the 5th century. |
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http://www.thesalmons.org/lynn/wh-jordan.html
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| | islamicate: July 2005 Archives |
| | The Ottomans (1281-1923) - Another multi-ethnic, multi-religious state, that never really had universal control (actually only the original Ummayads can make a semblance of a claim to having a continuous empire.) They shared sovereignty with the Safavids and the Mughals, although the latter two never claimed the title of caliph within their borders. | | | While AQ might see themselves as crushing “heresies,” their superficial forebears were the Kharijites, who were in fact one of the early minority groups that were eventually considered marginal. | | | The Ummayads were also big fans of Islam for Arabs only, which matches AQ's vision of the world well I think. |
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http://www.islamicate.com/islamicate/2005/07
(5625 words)
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| | The Causes Of The Islamic State’s Weakness |
| | The Ummayads introduced the method of handing over the Khilafah to the heir apparent, who was then given the bay’ah. | | | Despite the fact that Abu Bakr adopted the method of nomination, its maladministration by the Ummayads led to those problems arising. | | | However, what in fact led those political parties to resort to that type of methodology in order to seize power, was as a result of what took place during the rule of the Ummayads. |
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http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.org/english/books/state/chapter_38.html
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| | FOSS2005: About Syria |
| | Syria has been at both the centre and the margins of important historical empires including the Persian, Roman, and Byzantine. | | | Greater Syria, known in Arabic as the Bilad-I-Sham, continued to be an important religious, cultural, and trade centre after the Ummayads. | | | With the spread of Islam and the coming of the Ummayad Caliphate, Damascus became the administrative capital of a vast and growing Muslim polity. |
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http://www.foss2005.org/english/syria
(1005 words)
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| | Arabic Language and Literature |
| | Trends of Arabic Poetry in Pre-Islamic and Islamic Period up to the end of the Ummayads` | | | Methodology of Research in Language, Literature, and Editing of Text |
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http://www.ju.edu.jo/faculties/fgs/HTML/earbp.htm
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| | HAM - Asia art - 2 - Mesopotamia & Persia |
| | As soon as there are written records, some 5,000 years ago in the Near East, we find references to many of the sexual practices - homosexuality, male and female transexualism and transvestism, masturbation - familiar to us today, and masturbation is a central theme in the creation myths of Mesopotamia. | | | We draws attention to the one significant cluster of homerotic images that center around court figures in Persian miniatures of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. | | | Although there are some frescoes depicting female nudes in private palaces of the Ummayads, in Persia, there are few surviving works inspired by Eros. |
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http://www.homoerotimuseum.net/asi/asi02.html
(164 words)
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| | Overview of Islamic Gardens: MUSLIM SPAIN |
| | This meant that gardens in Spain would have embodied some Spanish- Christian, Roman, and even possibly Jewish ideas that had been transformed into an Islamic layout, specifically the bagh type from Persia. | | | Perhaps because the invaders were aware of these influences and because of the fact that the Ummayads were competing with the Abbasids in Baghdad for legitimacy, the Arabs made sure to emphasize a strong Arab culture in al-Andalus and gardens and architecture were a personification of this attempt. | | | This area had been under the control of the Christians and previous to that by the Romans while also having Jewish cultural influence. |
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http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/arabic_islamic_architecture/22279
(460 words)
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| | Islamic flags |
| | They used a green colored flag as being part house of Ali. | | | Ummayads of Iberia ruled Muslim Iberia and for sometime parts of North Africa. | | | The reason for their black color was that during Hashmi Movement (the movement to kick out Ummayyads), the Abbassi leader Imam Ibrahim was killed by the Ummayad government. |
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http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/islam.html
(2710 words)
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| | NU HIST 2805: The Rise of the Abbasids |
| | Once they had defeated the Umayyads, these new rulers, the Abbasids or descendents of Al’Abbas, one of Muhammed’s uncles, created one of the most successful of Arab and Muslim dynasties. | | | For centuries after 750, members of the Abbasid family held the title of Caliph, and till the 10th century A.D. they controlled a vast empire based in the Middle East. | | | Both groups felt that the Ummayad Caliphs were unjust, illegitimate, and ineffective, and thought the descendents of Al-Abbas would give them a better deal. |
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http://www.nipissingu.ca/department/history/MUHLBERGER/2805/ABBASID1.HTM
(1438 words)
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| | Caliph Yazid and the Umayyad dynasties |
| | In spite of the opposition of the Shiites and Muslim orthodoxy, the Ummayads continued to prosper. | | | Under the rule of Abdul Malik (685-705) and, subsequently, that of his four sons, the Empire reached its greatest extent and power. | | | It was difficult to see how Yazid could have acted differently: in Arabia the rebellion was dangerous. |
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http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/980323/1998032326.html
(824 words)
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| | Islamica Community Forums - existence of this companion |
| | After the battle of Karbla, Hazrat Abdullah bin Zubair (R.A.A.) was proclaimed as Caliph of Islam at Mecca and ruled a part of the Islamic world for about nine years (from 64. | | | Hazrat Abdullah and Hazrat Musab were known for their bravery and fighting spirits. | | | They were not as intriguers as the Ummayads were, and therefore they were defeated because of the betrayal of the Iraqis and some other tribes, who sold their loyalties to the Ummayads. |
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http://www.islamicaweb.com/archive/t-7616
(1080 words)
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| | Biography of Ibn Hazm, Abu Muhammad 'Ali ibn Muhammad Ibn Sa'id |
| | An adherent of the Zahirite theological sect, he attacked the most venerable religious authorities of Islam, who virtually ‘excommunicated’ him and ordered his writings to be burnt. | | | By common consent ‘the greatest scholar and the most original genius of Moslem Spain’, born in Córdoba, Spain. | | | By the age of 30 he had become prime minister to Abdurrahman V (1023–4), but on the fall of the Ummayads, he retired from public life. |
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http://www.allbiographies.com/biography-AbuMuhammadAliibnMuhammadIbnSaidIbnHazm-46121.html
(158 words)
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| | et - Full Story |
| | 747 AD The descendents of the Prophet (PBUH)’s uncle Al-Abbas revolt against the Ummayads, claiming right to rule. | | | Muaawya asserts his right to rule the Islamic polity; Muaawya founds the Ummayad dynasty on hereditary rule. | | | Ali fights the governor of Syria Muaawya (Uthman’s relative) who refused to swear allegiance to the new caliph; the factionalization of the Muslim community into three groups: the Ummayads, Ali’s supporters (Shi’a) and Kharijis (a group that turned against Ali) |
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http://www.egypttoday.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=3348
(385 words)
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| | The Foreign Policy Of The Islamic State |
| | All the Muslim rulers who came to power competed in the spreading of Islam. | | | The Ummayads were actually more successful in conquering other countries and spreading Islam than the Abbasids, and the ‘Uthmanis conquered more countries and spread Islam more than the Mamluks. | | | This disparity was due, however, to the priorities the State would give to its foreign policy among other factors, but the spreading of Islam remained always the basis on which the relationship of the Islamic State with other states, peoples and nations was established. |
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http://www.hizb-ut-tahrir.org/english/books/state/chapter_34.html
(1636 words)
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| | Al-Qatta'i |
| | After that, a new dynasty rose to the east, in Baghdad, and they were called the Abbassids. | | | The Caliphs who ruled the Muslim world from their capital in Damascus were called the Ummayads, and they managed to hold power for a little more than one hundred years, from roughly the 630s until about 750. | | | A little Islamic history to provide the background for the next stage of the history of Cairo: |
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http://menic.utexas.edu/menic/cairo/history/qattai/qattai.html
(1690 words)
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| | Steven Vincent on Iraq on National Review Online |
| | Echoes of Gethsemane and Golgotha are obvious, except there is no resurrection, no happy ending for the Shiites-only endless weeping for Hussein and guilt for those ancient Iraqis who failed to help him. | | | Now we have Moqtada al-Sadr holed up in Najaf, threatening to cast the Coalition as modern-day Ummayads in his own version Karbala, with the entire world as his audience. | | | Hussein, we are told, knew he would die at Karbala, but went anyway, sacrificing himself — and, somewhat inexplicably, his family and friends — in order to discredit the Ummayads and keep the pure light of Islam alive. |
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http://www.nationalreview.com/comment/vincent200404081542.asp
(1233 words)
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| | Seljuq Turks (1037-1281 AD) -- DBA 124 |
| | While the Caliph in Baghdad maintained a spiritual supremacy, the real power throughout the Seljuk Empire was exercised by the Sultan. | | | Between 1040 and 1092, the Seljuqs were caught in the westward migratory flow with the Huns before them and the Mongols after them. | | | They conquered Baghdad, Syria, Transcaucasia, Asia Minor, and the coast of Arabia, and reduced Georgia to tributary status, creating thus an empire the size of which the Islamic world had not known since the heyday of the Ummayads. |
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http://www.fanaticus.org/DBA/armies/dba124kt.html
(1398 words)
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| | hybridmagazine.com :: indie counter-culture daily, no secret handshakes. |
| | Nabatean trade routes extended into India and China; the Nabatean alphabet would later become Arabic script. | | | By 1915 this onetime center of the ancient world was largely forgotten except by the nomadic Bedouins whose herds grazed here and across the Jordan River on what would later become known as the West Bank. | | | But the trade routes shifted and Roman conquerers were replaced by Byzantines, Ummayads, Abbasids, Mamelukes and Ottomans. |
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http://www.hybridmagazine.com/culture/0502/jordan.shtml
(914 words)
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| | Dhimmi Watch: Comment on Texas university scraps "Crusader" mascot |
| | 656-661: Caliphate of Ali - Civil conflict in Islamic state between Ali and Ummayads founder Muawiya. | | | 756: Ummayad Emirate in Spain - Last living Ummayad family member, Abd al-Rahman, escapes to Spain, founds state in Cordoba. | | | 741-751 - Joint Pepin-Carloman rule; Aistulf Lombard king in Italy; transfer of power from Ummayads to Abbasids |
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http://www.jihadwatch.org/cgi-bin/mt-comments.cgi?entry_id=1733
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| | Ta'ziyeh: Performing Iran's Living Epic Tradition - Arts & Culture - Asia Society |
| | This could be a description of Ta'ziyeh Khani, the Iranian epic drama that commemorates the martyrdom of Hussein, the grandson of Mohammad, together with his companions and sons on the plain of Karbala (just outside modern Baghdad) in the 61st year of the Muslin era (680 C.E.). | | | Killed by the Ummayads (later to become the Sunnis), the death of Hussein is the signal event separating Shi'ism as a branch of Islam. | | | The Ta'ziyeh Khani are, indeed, plays of "life and death," born "in a moment of mortal threat." By allowing us to experience this dramatic tradition as it continues to be performed in modern Iran, the Lincoln Center Festival has accomplished a remarkable feat against many odds. |
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http://www.asiasociety.org/arts/taziyeh/riggio.html
(609 words)
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| | Bilecik Province - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The region was inhabited as early as 3000 BC, and was part of the territory controlled by such noteable civilizations as the Hittites (1400-1200 BC), the Phrygians (1200-676 BC), Lydians (595-546 BC), Persians (546-334 BC), Romans (74-395 AD) and Byzantians (395 AD to late 13th century, with two brief occupations by Ummayads in between). | | | Bilecik is a province in midwest Turkey, neighboring Bursa to the east, Kocaeli and Sakarya to the north, Bolu to the west, Eskişehir to the southeast and Kütahya to the south, spanning an area of 4,307 km |
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http://www.lexington-fayette.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Bilecik_Province
(189 words)
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| | BrothersJudd Blog: TALES OF THE ALHAMBRA: |
| | Not in Stalin's league, I admit, but enough to make the Ummayads look good in comparison. | | | I don't care how 'enlightened' the Ummayads were, | | | The Inquisition was only one of several agencies he used to enforce absolute obedience to his rule, and to establish an atmosphere of fear and repression throughout the entire country in the process. |
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http://www.brothersjudd.com/blog/archives/008174.html
(1194 words)
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| | UNF Medieval Europe: Class 7: Arab Kingdoms and Islamic Empires |
| | Understand why the Ummayad state -- based in Damascus -- can be characterized as an "Arab Kingdom," while the Abbasid state -- based in Baghdad -- can be characterized as an "Islamic Empire." | | | Last class an exercise in macro and micro history trying to explain both the larger causes and immediate factors behind the truly explosive growth of Islam.] The factors - religious background, Persia, Arabness - all contribute to its development. | | | Create a parallel pattern linking Muslim culture to ancient cultures similar to the Roman/Greek/Christian model used for Byzantium. |
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http://www.unf.edu/classes/medieval/med-07.htm
(508 words)
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| | Tangier |
| | In the 11th and 12th centuries, two successive Muslim sects, the Almoravides and the Almohades wrested control of Tangier. | | | Hordes of barbaric tribes swept across Northern Africa in the 5th century, only to be defeated by the ever expanding Arab civilization in the 8th century. | | | Tangier became a focal point in the struggle between two prominent dynasties, the Idrissids and the Ummayads. |
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http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Tangier.html
(617 words)
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| | Untitled |
| | Imam Musa Ibn Ja’afar was born during the struggle between the Ummayads and the Abbasids. | | | He was only four years old when Abul Abbas “Saffah”, “The Shedder of Blood”, came to the throne as the first Abbasid caliph. |
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http://www.al-islam.org/kaaba14/10.htm
(1743 words)
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| | Open Directory - Society:Religion and Spirituality:Islam:History:Dynasties and Empires |
| | The capital of the Caliphate moved to Baghdad, Iraq. | | | At a time when the Abbasids were unable to displace the Ummayads in Spain, the Fatimids in Egypt; when the Buwayhids and Ghaznavids controlled from Persia east and south. | | | Taking advantage of widespread discontent with Ummayad rule, descendants of al-Abbas brought about the end of the Ummayad Caliphate in the East. |
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http://dmoz.org/Society/Religion_and_Spirituality/Islam/History/Dynasties_and_Empires/desc.html
(778 words)
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| | Unite? can we?--Ummah.comGeneral |
| | The crescent/star icon was the symbol of the Ummayads and Ottomans, whereas Islaam has no symbol at all. | | | It would be much better not to use these flags. |
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http://www.ummah.net/forum/showthread.php?t=42193
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