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| | Islamic History in Arabia and Middle East |
 | | With the advent of the Umayyads, how ever, secular concerns and the problems inherent in the administration of what, by then, was a large empire began to dominate the attention of the caliphs, often at the expense of religious concerns - a development that disturbed many devout Muslims. | | | The last great Umayyad caliph was Hisham, the fourth son of 'Abd al-Malik to succeed to the caliphate. | | | Photo: The shrine of the Dome of the Rock in Jerusalem, built in an area revered by Muslims, Christians and Jews alike covers the rock from which Muhammad is believed to have ascended to heaven with the Angel Gabriel. |
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http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ihame/Sec4.htm
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| | Umayyads |
| | The first Umayyad Caliph was Mu'awiyya, who fought against Caliph Ali until Ali was murdered in 661. | | | There are two Umayyad families, from 661 to 684 it was the Sufaynid branch, but from 684 the Marwanid branch took over the control. | | | Even though the Caliphate was a religious institution, the Umayyads were to a large extent secular rulers, who participated only partly in religious administration and questions. |
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http://lexicorient.com/e.o/ummawiyy.htm
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| | Post Umayyad Spain & North Africa |
| | Independent Umayyad rule in Spain began with the arrival in the Iberian peninsula of 'Abd al-Rahman I, al-Dakhil, in I38/755-6 and his successful assumption of authority there, with the defeat of both the incumbent governor and subsequent 'Abbasid attempts to reassert central control from Baghdad. | | | In order to deny the legitimacy of 'Abd al-Rahman as a caliph, he rejects, in accordance with standard Shi'i doctrine, the legitimacy of the oriental Umayyads as caliphs, not just because they had excluded 'Ali and his descendants from the succession to the Prophet but also on account of their differences with the Prophet himself. | | | On the one hand, it seems from the phraseology employed in his letter announcing the change that he was aiming at an Umayyad restoration, if not immediate then at least at some time in the future, in the whole Islamic world, and the overthrow of the 'Abbasids. |
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http://islamiccoins.ancients.info/spain/PUSandNA.htm
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| | Umayyad Dynasty |
| | In 656 he was killed by a group of those supporting the claims of 'Ali, the son-in-law of Muhammad. | | | In 661 'Ali was assassinated and Mu'awiyah founded the Umayyad dynasty. | | | The surviving Umayyad prince was able to gather supporters and was proclaimed Emir in 756 CE. |
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http://users.telerama.com/~jdehullu/islam/more_006.htm
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| | Pilot Guides.com: The Road to Mecca: Umayyad Mosque |
| | In 661 AD under the Umayyad Dynasty, after Damascus became the capital of the Islamic Empire, the mosque became a purely Muslim place of worship. | | | Dating back to the second millennium BC, Pagans, Christians and Muslims worshipped at Umayyad, with a mix of various shrines, churches and muslim sacred areas. | | | This is ground that has been held sacred for at least three millennia. |
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http://www.pilotguides.com/destination_guide/middle_east_and_north_africa/syria_jordan_and_lebanon/umayyad_mosque.php
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| | Grabar. Ceremonial and Art |
| | Ibn-Shaqi retorted: But you are the successor of God (khalifat allah) while Muhammad is only his messenger..." Here we reach the final point of the rationalization by the Umayyads of their power. | | | In early Islam the meeting at the mosque known as salat jama'ah, "general prayer," which was to be the nucleus out of which the present day cult developed, was not a religious but a political meeting. | | | Most studies of Islamic political theory are based on texts which are not earlier than the eleventh century, and which attempt to formulate a theory of authority according to what it should be and should have been under Islamic law. |
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http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/med/grabar1.html
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| | Umayyad from LiveJournal |
| | For the longest period of Islamic history--from Umayyad times to Abbasid, to Mameluke, to the end of the six-hundred-year Ottoman period--Sufism has been taught and understood as an Islamic discipline, like Qur'anic exegesis (tafsir), hadith, Qur'an recital (tajwid), tenets of faith (ilm al-tawhid) or any... | | | Shiites honor Husain--the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad who led a failed revolt against the Umayyad caliph Yazid--as a martyr. | | | For the longest period of Islamic history--from Umayyad times to Abbasid, to Mameluke, to the end of the six-hundred-year Ottoman period--Sufism has been taught and understood as an Islamic discipline, like Qur'anic exegesis (tafsir), hadith, Qur'an... |
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http://www.ljseek.com/search/Umayyad
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| | Islamic History: The Umayyad Dynasty - ReligionFacts |
| | Nonetheless the new religion penetrated deeply, to the point where conversions were discouraged since they might have been motivated by avoiding taxes, rather than true belief, and choosing a religion should override such economic concerns. | | | The majority of this new empire was of course non-Muslim, and aside from a protection tax (jizya) the conquered people found their religions tolerated. | | | Under the Umayyads, the Islamic Empire spread to North Africa, Spain and central Asia (left.) |
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http://www.religionfacts.com/islam/history/umayyad.htm
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| | History of Iran-chapter 3, part II |
| | These initiatives were more or less unsuccessful in achieving their goals, especially the ones who rejected the new religion and wanted to demanded a return to the situation under the Sasanian rule. | | | One exception to this rule was the movement led by Abu Muslim, son of a converted Iranian from Khorasan. | | | As mentioned before, the ever increasing pressure of the Umayyad Caliphs and their undeniable corruption sparked anti Arabic movements in the former Sasanian territories. |
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http://www.iranologie.com/history/history6.html
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| | [No title] |
| | The first section follows the evolution of Islamic coinage in Spain from the origins of Islamic coinage through the Umayyads, Taifas, Almoravids, Almohades, and Nasrids of Granada. | | | An introduction to the Islamic coinage of Egypt, beginning with the Umayyads and ending in 1939. | | | It includes a general history of the origin of Islamic coinage, then covers Arab-Byzantine, Arab-Sasanian, Umayyad, Umayyad of Spain, Abbasid, Tulunid, Fatimid, Ayyubid, Mamluk, Idrisid, Aghlabid, Tahirid, Saffarid, Banijurid, Sajid, Wajjahid (Oman), Samanid, Ikhshidid, Buwayhid, Marwanid, Rassid (2nd period), Rasulid, Shirvanshah. |
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http://www.islamiccoinsgroup.50g.com/Jims_Bibliography.txt
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| | Arabic Literature to the End of the Umayyad Period |
| | Within this period fall major events: the life of the Prophet Muhammad, the founding of the Islamic religion, the great Arab Islamic conquests of territories outside the Arabian Peninsula, and their meeting, as overlords, with the Byzantine and Sasanian world. | | | Guided by an international advisory editorial board, and compiled by leading scholars from the Middle East, Europe and America, the volumes of the History provide an invaluable source of reference and understanding of the intellectual, literary and religious heritage of the Arabic-speaking and Islamic world. | | | You may also be able to place a request for this book via these links: BN.com and Overstock.com |
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http://isbn.nu/0521240158
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| | The Jerusalem Archaeological Park - homepage |
| | The Umayyad dynasty was one of the most important families among the Quraysh tribe of merchants. | | | For a list of the Umayyad caliphs click here | | | During the Umayyad period, several of the keystones of Islamic culture were founded, in areas of religion as well as in art. |
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http://www.archpark.org.il/netscape/article.asp?id=239
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| | The Art of the Umayyad Period (661-750 A.D.) Special Topics Page Timeline of Art History The Metropolitan Museum of ... |
| | At first, even though Arabic became the official language and Islam the principal religion of the diverse lands unified under Umayyad rule, artists continued to work in their established manner. | | | Also significant are the mosques of Damascus (706), where the site of the former Roman temple and fourth-century Byzantine church dedicated to Saint John the Baptist was transformed into the congregational mosque of the Umayyad capital, and of Jerusalem (709–15). | | | In the case of religious buildings, the Umayyads often constructed their monuments on sites of historical or symbolic significance. |
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http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/umay/hd_umay.htm
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| | Damascus, Syria |
| | Following their occupation of the ancient city, the Muslims shared the great Roman temple platform with the Christians, the Christians retaining possession of their church and the Muslims using the southern arcades of the Roman temenos area for their prayers. | | | The minaret of the southeastern corner is called the Minaret of Jesus, because of a local tradition that says this is where Jesus will appear on the Day of Judgment. | | | In 706 al-Walid, the sixth Umayyad caliph, demolished the church and constructed a mosque along the southern wall of the Roman temenos. |
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http://www.sacredsites.com/middle_east/syria/damascus.htm
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| | Caliph Yazid and the Umayyad dynasties |
| | Abdul Malik died in one of his country residences, and not only Walid II but the wise Hisham, for very different reasons, elected to spend most of their reigns in the desert. | | | The non-Muslims, enjoying autonomy under their own religion and their own legal system, showed their gratitude in whole-hearted cooperation with the government, supplying the administrative technique which the desert Arabs still lacked. | | | Mu'awia, the first Umayyad Caliph and brother in law to the prophet Muhammad, secured supreme power over the Arab empire with Damascus as his capital in 661 AD. |
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http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/980323/1998032326.html
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| | Collapse of the Umayyad empire |
| | Only the unity of the Bedouin tribes could have maintained their power, and the Umayyads could not preserve this unity. | | | As the chances of effective insurrection grew less, the white banner became more and more the symbol, the almost mystical symbol, of Syrian independence. | | | Around it, and around the person of the "Sufyani," the messianic representative of the House of Umayya who was to return and restore the country to its imperial glory, the hopes of Syria were centered. |
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http://www.arabicnews.com/ansub/Daily/Day/980429/1998042903.html
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| | The Revolution |
| | Others have even questioned its wisdom that striking at a mighty force like the Umayyad's was fatal. | | | Indeed, who want to share in the certain curse upon those who murdered the family of the Prophet? | | | This is not to mention the way he was murdered or the treatment given to his family who had the highest esteem and respect of all Muslims Consequently, all Muslims dissociated themselves from the Umayyad's deeds and policies. |
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http://www.imam-hussein.org/english/Muharram-revolution_result.htm
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| | MSN Encarta - Search Results - Umayyad |
| | Umayyad, also Omayyad, first great Arab Muslim dynasty of caliphs (religious and secular leaders) founded by Muawiyah I in 661 and lasting until 750.... | | | The Umayyad caliphs were descendants of aristocratic caravan merchants, the Umayya, to which Muawiyah, the first Umayyad caliph, belonged. | | | Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers--quickly search thousands of articles from magazines such as Time, Newsweek, The Atlantic Monthly, and Smithsonian. |
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http://ca.encarta.msn.com/Umayyad.html
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| | Umayyad period (661-750) |
| | The first Islamic dynasty, the Umayyads commission palaces and religious buildings on and near the erstwhile Temple mount, now called the "Noble Sanctuary" (al haram ash-sharif). | | | The most notable building continues to provide the best-known landmark of Jerusalem, the Dome of the Rock (completed in 691). |
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http://www.bu.edu/people/mzank/Jerusalem/p/period4-2.htm
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| | BBC News MIDDLE EAST Inside the Umayyad mosque |
| | This is not the ordinary sound of the Muslim call to prayer. | | | The Umayyad mosque is one of Islam's holiest sites | | | And it comes from the Umayyad mosque at the heart of the city, built on land that has been sacred for three millennia. |
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http://news.bbc.co.uk/hi/english/world/middle_east/newsid_1315000/1315190.stm
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| | Archaeological Sites in Israel - Jerusalem: Umayyad Administration Center and Palaces |
| | Not known previously, they were obviously an administrative center of the Umayyad government. | | | The new rulers, of the Umayyad Dynasty (660-750), aimed at changing the character of the city — from a Byzantine-Christian city of many churches, to a Muslim religious center and the administrative seat for a subdivison of their empire. | | | The area south of the Temple Mount, which had sloped southwards, was leveled by earth fills and massive building foundations which entirely covered the Byzantine structures below. |
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http://www.newyork.israel.org/mfa/go.asp?MFAH00vd0
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| | An Umayyad Grafitto From Southern Jordan Dated 109 AH |
| | An Umayyad Grafitto From Southern Jordan Dated 109 AH An Umayyad Grafitto From Southern Jordan Dated 109 AH | | | With the exception for those images which have passed into the public domain, the use of these images for commercial purposes is expressly prohibited without the consent of the copyright holder. |
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http://www.islamic-awareness.org/History/Islam/Inscriptions/said.html
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| | Umayyads - History for Kids! |
| | After the death of Mohammed in 632 AD, the leadership of the new religion, and of the newly united Arab tribes, was taken over by Mohammed's upper-class father-in-law (through his second wife) Abu Bakr. | | | In Jerusalem, the Umayyads built the first major mosque, the Dome of the Rock, on the site of Solomon's Temple (and the place where Abraham almost sacrificed Isaac). | | | Umayyad History for Kids - the first dynasty of the Islamic Empire |
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http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/islam/history/umayyads.htm
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| | Syria - Umayyad Caliphate |
| | During the 89 years of Umayyad rule, most Syrians became Muslims, and the Arabic language replaced Aramaic. | | | In the administration of law, the Umayyads followed the traditions set by the Hellenistic monarchies and the Roman Empire. | | | They lived aloof from the people and at first made little effort to convert Christians to Islam. |
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http://countrystudies.us/syria/5.htm
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| | Architecture Palaces 2 |
| | An Umayyad dynasty was started there by Ab-dal Rahman who escaped from the "deadly dinner" in Baghdad in which the other Umayyad leaders were assassinated. | | | The Citadel (great fortress) was built by Saladin in 1176. | | | Anjar, a fascinating Umayyad town with many mysteries, is emerging from the desert. |
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http://www.sfusd.k12.ca.us/schwww/sch618/Architecture/Architecture_Palaces_2.html
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| | Umayyad History |
| | That same year he gained control of Egypt; following Ali's death in 661, he subdued Iraq and then formally established himself as caliph. | | | As he died a year later, the task of reunification was placed in the hands of his son, Abd al-Malik. | | | The first line of Umayyads were the Sufyanids (descendants of Abu Sufyan) who ruled from 661- 684. |
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http://islamiccoins.ancients.info/umayyads/umayyadhistory.htm
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| | 755 - 1002 Umayyad Dynasty |
| | These were the glory years for the Muslims in Spain. | | | A Umayyad prince defeats and executes Tumlus - a Muslim rebel who had seized power in Lisbon some years before (Livermore, 1966). | | | Muslims attempt to invade Christian territory from Coimbra and Viseu but are driven back (Livermore, 1966). |
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http://www.balagan.org.uk/war/0711/0755.htm
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| | Umayyad |
| | Damascus's Splendid Umayyad Mosque Set to Welcome Pope John Paul II. | | | The Umayyad congregational mosque of Jarash in Jordan and its relationship to early mosques.(Research) (Antiquity) | | | A branch of the Ummayad family, led by Abd ar-Rahman ad-Dakhil, was able to reach Cordoba and to reestablish Umayyad rule (780–1031) in Muslim Spain. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/ce6/people/A0849981.html
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| | Search Results for umayyad - Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | first great Muslim dynasty to rule the Empire of the Caliphate (AD 661–750), sometimes referred to as the Arab kingdom (reflecting traditional Muslim disapproval of the secular nature of the Umayyad... | | | the earliest surviving stone mosque, built between AD 705 and 715 by the Umayyad Caliph al-Walid I. The mosque stands on the site of a 1st-century Hellenic temple to Jupiter and of a later church of... | | | Under the Umayyad caliphate (661–750) the classical style of Islamic music developed further. |
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http://www.britannica.com/search?query=umayyad&submit=Find&source=MWTEXT
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| | The Umayyad Dynasty and the Abbasids |
| | How does the family of the Prophet Muhammad play into political and religious struggles in the years following the era of the Rashidun? | | | Abbasids, 749-1258 (with sacking of Baghdad by Mongols, although Mamluks continue to rule in their name) | | | Who were the individuals who made up these factions? |
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http://www63.homepage.villanova.edu/mine.ener/UmayyadsAbbasids3.htm
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| | Aanjar: Commercial Hub of the Umayyad Dynasty |
| | The Umayyad Dynasty, which flourished for 100 years (660-750 AD) in the first century after Mohammed, was the first of two dynasties of the Arab Islamic empire. | | | Thought to be the summer home of Caliph Walid I, Aanjar survived only a few decades before the Umayyads were defeated by their rivals, the Abbasids (who founded the second Arab Islamic dynasty). | | | They established Arabic as the official language of the empire, and they are remembered in the pages of history for their excellent city administration and planning and their patronage of early Islamic art and architecture. |
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http://www.destinationlebanon.com/anjarmore.asp
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| | Harvard University Press/The Second Umayyad Caliphate |
| | As he and his successor promoted their legitimacy, they generated an ideology that infused and defined the political culture of al-Andalus. | | | C.E., the eighth Umayyad ruler of al-Andalus (Islamic Iberia) assumed caliphal titles and prerogatives. | | | Against the ambitions of his contemporary rivals, the Abbasids and the Fatimids, he quickly reasserted Umayyad dynastic claims to the unique and universal leadership of the Muslims. |
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http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/SAFSEC.html
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| | Tthornton : Umayyad Spain ( al-Andalus ) |
| | On the banks of the Guadalqavir River, Cordoba rose to become the most cultured city in Europe, and, with Constantinople and Baghdad, took its place as one of the three cultural centers of the medieval world. | | | The caliphate of al-Hakam II (961-976) marked the high point of Islamic civilization in Muslim Spain (initiated by the exiled Umayyad caliph Abd al-Rahman in 756). | | | Maria Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews, and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain (New York: Little, Brown, 2002) |
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http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/umayyad_spain.htm
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| | Umayyad Caliphate |
| | Please also see Post-Reform Umayyad Dirhams and their Mint Towns on the mints of the Umayyads. |
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http://www.grifterrec.com/coins/islam/umayyad/umayyad.html
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| | Muawiya |
| | The founder of the Umayyad dynasty, caliph from 661-680. |
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http://www.princeton.edu/~batke/itl/denise/muawiya.htm
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