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Topic: Pope Leo I

  
 Pope Leo I - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
In 444 Leo laid down in a letter to them the principle that Peter had received the primacy and oversight of the whole Church as a requital of his faith, and that thus all important matters were to be referred to and decided by Rome.
Leo enforced his authority in 445 against Dioscurus, Cyril's successor in the patriarchate of Alexandria, insisting that the ecclesiastical practise of his see should follow that of Rome; since Mark, the disciple of Peter and founder of the Alexandrian Church, could have had no other tradition than that of the prince of the apostles.
The Roman Catholic and many Anglican churches mark November 10 as the feast day of Saint Leo (formerly April 11), while the Eastern Orthodox churches mark February 18 as his feast day.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_I   (1450 words)

  
 Pope St. Leo I (the Great)
Leo's chief aim was to sustain the unity of the Church.
Leo was no less active in the spiritual elevation of the Roman congregations, and his sermons, of which ninety-six genuine examples have been preserved, are remarkable for their profundity, clearness of diction, and elevated style.
Leo had ascertained through Bishop Septimus of Altinum, that in Aquileia priests, deacons, and clerics, who had been adherents of Pelagius, were admitted to communion without an explicit abjuration of their heresy.
http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/l/leo_i,pope_saint.html   (3143 words)

  
 Pope Leo X
The pope wished at first to remain neutral but such a course would have isolated him, so he decided to be faithful to the policy of his predecessors and sought accordingly to oppose the designs of France, but in doing so, to avoid severity.
The most important occurrence of Leo's pontificate and that of gravest consequence to the Church was the Reformation, which began in 1517.
The advantage to the Church and the pope of such a great sacrifice was that France, hitherto schismatical in attitude, now stood firmly bound to the Holy See, which thus turned aside the danger of complete estrangement.
http://www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/l/leo_x,pope.html   (5245 words)

  
 Popes
Leo viewed Luther as merely another heretic whose teachings would lead some of the faithful astray but that, as had happened in the past, the true religion would triumph in time.
Leo was lavish in his spending not only of the church's money but also of his own.
He depleted the papal treasury, and, by his response to the developing Reformation, he contributed to the dissolution of the unified Western church.
http://www.wga.hu/database/glossary/popes/leo10.html   (1806 words)

  
 Biography – Pope Leo IV – The Papal Library
The pope, however, received him, in the usual honorable manner, upon the great steps of the Church of St. Peter, and spoke to him with mildness to appease him.
Leo deposed from the cardinalate Anastasius, priest of Saint Marcellus, because he had abandoned his parish during five years.
It occupied four years, the pope continually superintending operations during all the time left at his disposal by his spiritual duties, without allowing cold, rain, or storm to divert him from his purpose.
http://www.saint-mike.org/Papal-Library/LeoIV/biography.html   (1575 words)

  
 November 10, 1999 TOP 100 CATHOLICS: (nov10top.htm)
Leo's were a forerunner for all the modern Popes which have been elevated to a higher level by John Paul's attention to all God's children in emphasizing human dignity and the Sanctity of Life.
Leo XIII was able to see the dawn of the new century but he knew within his heart that he would not live to see any of the events he realized were inevitable.
Leo identified the Church's role in the world by stating that the Church is not only collectively, but individually identified with the masses.
http://www.dailycatholic.org/issue/archives/1999Nov/213nov10,vol.10,no.213txt/nov10top.htm   (2295 words)

  
 Pope Leo IX
At any rate, the Pope, already a prisoner of the Normans, and with a head full of troubles with his own emperor, the Church in France and England, missionaries being persecuted, and lords and kings putting their nogood sons and nephews in as abbots and bishops, was probably not a little upset over Cerularius' apology.
Meanwhile Cerularius had appointed Archbishop Leo of Achrida to write the letter to bishops of southern Italy, and this letter was been passed on to the pope from Apulia in southern Italy.
It is possible too that the Pope was so upset with the Patriarch's closing the Latin churches and his "apology" on top of it, that he felt that just such a man with the frame of mind that Humbert had toward the Greeks was the right one to send.
http://www.hist.edu/leo.html   (1170 words)

  
 ST. LEO III
The bishops, of course, refused to try the Pope, but Leo willingly mounted the ambo in St. Peter's and solemnly swore that he was innocent of the charges.
Leo used his money as a just steward, to help the poor and to beautify churches.
795 - 816 AD On the very day of Hadrian's funeral, December 26, 795, the pious priest Leo was unanimously elected to succeed him.
http://www.cfpeople.org/Books/Pope/POPEp97.htm   (549 words)

  
 Martin Luther . Characters.Pope Leo X PBS
He was the last pope to look at the papacy as a temporal monarchy.
Luther wrote in his 95 Theses, his criticism of the Church - "why doesn't the Pope build the basilica of St Peter's out of his own money?".
In Germany this practice aroused the ire of Martin Luther, a humble monk, who issued ninety- five arguments for church reform.
http://www.pbs.org/empires/martinluther/char_leo.html   (346 words)

  
 Pope Leo X: Evaluation of His "Fable of Christ" Statement
Leo the tenth was a Florentine borne, of the noble house of Medicea, and called ere he were Pope John Medices.
These things were enterpreted to prognosticate the decay of the Popes kingdome, and thereupon many wrote bitter verses.
First of all, as I've noted before, it's not as though some offhand comment by a single Pope is enough to overturn 1500-2000 years of relevant secular and religious scholarship.
http://www.tektonics.org/lp/popeleox.html   (3126 words)

  
 Pope St. Leo the Great, Plinio Correa de Oliveira commentary on the Saint of the Day, April 11 @ TraditionInAction.org
When St. Leo discovered them, he denounced them to priests and religious, and warned the people to be on their guard against this reprehensible heresy.
During them, he would declare to the faithful their obligation to denounce the heretics; question those under suspicion; try to make them retract from their errors; give penances to those who returned to the Church; and deliver to the civil authorities those who were obstinate in their positions so they might be adequately punished.
Therefore, let us pray to St. Leo, asking him to re-ignite in the Church the spirit of the Inquisition, the spirit of discernment, of holy vigilance, of balanced intransigence, of militancy and the fight.
http://www.traditioninaction.org/SOD/j016sdSt.LeoGreat4-11.htm   (922 words)

  
 Catholic Culture : Document Library : Pope Leo XIII's Message to America
However, in such collaboration on the basis of natural religious truths and the precepts of the natural law, perceptible by human reason, there is no weakening of the principle that the Catholic Church alone is the authorized and infallible depositary of the supernatural religion that Almighty God has revealed for all mankind.
Thus, in his Christmas message of 1942, Pope Pius XII summoned to the crusade for the purification and rebirth of society "all those who are united with us, at least by the bond of faith in God".
It would be well for the clergy to bear in mind the positive suggestions of Pope Leo XIII regarding assemblies of Catholics for the discussion of religious topics, to which non-Catholics may be invited.
http://www.catholicculture.org/docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=5230   (2568 words)

  
 Pope Leo XIII
He was ordained priest on the 31st of December 1837, and a few weeks later was made apostolic delegate of the small papal territory of Benevento, where he had to deal with brigands and smugglers, who enjoyed the protection of some of the noble families of the district.
Two years later Pope Gregory XVI appointed him a domestic prelate, and bestowed on him, by way of apprenticeship, various minor administrative offices.
His belief was that the Church would not suffer by the publication of documents.
http://www.nndb.com/people/387/000088123   (1858 words)

  
 Pope St. Leo II, Plinio Correa de Oliveira commentary on the Saint of the Day, July 3 @ TraditionInAction.org
For the heretic present inside the Church sullies the Church that is immaculate.
Pope Honorius wrote a letter to the heretic patriarch of Constantinople, Sergius, approving his thesis that Our Lord would have only one will or energy, and not two — the divine and human — and taking a clear position against St. Sophronius, Patriarch of Jerusalem, who was attacking the heretic.
It was tremendously difficult for him to live in a time that had a bad Pope, who deserved the hard words he spoke and the condemnation of the Ecumenical Council of Constantinople.
http://www.traditioninaction.org/SOD/j080sdLeoII_6-3.htm   (967 words)

  
 Leo the Great
In his day there were disgreements about the correct way to state the truth that Jesus Christ is both God and man. In 449 Leo wrote a letter (known as the Tome of Leo) to Bishop Flavian of Constantinople, in which he affirmed that Christ has two Natures in one Person.
But for his defense of the belief that God was in Christ, reconciling the world unto himself, all Christians may thank God.
The letter was read in 451 by the Council of Chalcedon (the fourth Ecumenical Council), and judged by them to be sound doctrine.
http://www.satucket.com/lectionary/Leo_Great.htm   (331 words)

  
 ST. LEO IV
Leo, though a spiritual man, had to devote a great deal of time to temporal matters.
He gave added solemnity to the feast of Mary's Assumption by giving it an octave.
Sergius II made him cardinal-priest of the Four Crowned Martyrs' Church.
http://www.cfpeople.org/Books/Pope/POPEp104.htm   (478 words)

  
 Henry George, Edward McGlynn, Pope Leo
To Leo's critics, the last point meant "You will eat bye and bye, in that glorious land beyond the sky; work and pray, live on hay, there'll be pie in the sky when you die" (words attrib.
Their fault lay in using religious concepts like morality and natural law to dispute the philosophical basis of private property in land, in which the hierarchs showed themselves to have a paramount interest; and to advance a practical means of doing something about it.
Edward McGlynn, the most popular Catholic priest in NYC and the nation, could dispute the Pope and support public schools, marriage for priests (this point is disputed), the Fenian raids, abolishing poverty by public action, Henry George, and the single tax.
http://www.progress.org/cg/geoglynn.htm   (4498 words)

  
 Pope Leo the Great
As soon as the Pope heard of these proceedings, he declared the decisions null and void, and wrote a bold letter to the Emperor, in which he said: "Leave to the bishops the liberty of defending the faith; neither worldly power nor terror will ever succeed in destroying it.
The new pope set himself to make the Roman church a pattern for all other churches.
One hundred and forty-three letters written by him and thirty letters written to him have been preserved; they illustrate the Pope's extraordinary vigilance over the Church in all parts of the Empire.
http://www.ewtn.com/library/MARY/LEO.htm   (2102 words)

  
 Saint Patrick's Church: Saints of April 19
During his 20 years as prelate of Toul, he was known as a stern bishop, who disciplined lax priests and brought order into the monasteries of his diocese.
He took his spiritual advisor, Hildebrand (later Pope Saint Gregory VII), with him to Rome.
Then, he tirelessly travelled throughout western Europe to enforce his reforms, and became known as the pilgrim pope.
http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0419.htm   (1712 words)

  
 Pope Leo XIII - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Later, he was appointed as Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church, a position he held until his election as Pope.
He firmly re-asserted the Scholastic doctrine that science and religion co-exist, and required the study of Thomas Aquinas.
Leo XIII approved the foundation of a Catholic university in the United States in 1887, which became The Catholic University of America.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII   (763 words)

  
 Pope Leo X - Wikiquote
Hence, I say, trust confidently, if you have obtained the absolution of the priest, and firmly believe yourself to have been absolved, and you will truly be absolved, whatever there may be of contrition.
Sins are not forgiven to anyone, unless when the priest forgives them he believes they are forgiven;
Since God has given us the papacy, let us enjoy it.
http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Pope_Leo_X   (503 words)

  
 Pope St. Leo the Great (r. 440-461) and Papal Supremacy
For whatever is laid before bishops for inquiry beyond the particular subjects which come before synodal councils may admit of a certain amount of free discussion, if the holy Fathers have laid down nothing thereon at Nicaea.
LETTER IX the most blessed Peter received the headship of the Apostles from the LORD, and the Church of Rome still abides by His institutions.
The care of the universal Church should converge towards Peter's one seat, and nothing anywhere should be separated from its Head.
http://ic.net/~erasmus/RAZ235.HTM   (2732 words)

  
 April 25: Attack on Pope Leo III
On this day, April 25, 799, as Leo walked in the procession of the Greater Litanies (a form of chanted prayer and responses on St. Mark's Day), armed men attacked him.
"Leo III, St." The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church.
Vicars of Christ; the dark side of the papacy.
http://chi.gospelcom.net/DAILYF/2002/04/daily-04-25-2002.shtml   (570 words)

  
 AllRefer.com - Saint Leo I, pope (Roman Catholic Popes And Antipopes) - Encyclopedia
He wrote the celebrated Tome of Leo, a doctrinal letter defining the two natures and one person of Christ that was later adopted as ecumenical at Chalcedon (see Chalcedon, Council of), when the heresiarch Eutyches was condemned.
Later, asserting his authority over St. Hilary of Arles, he obtained an imperial rescript that effectively confirmed the authority of the pope over all his bishops.
Leo's letters and sermons reflect the many aspects of his career and personality, including his great personal influence for good, and are invaluable historical sources.
http://reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/L/LeoI-St.html   (358 words)

  
 Pope Leo XIII
On Freemasonry (Humanum Genus) (20 Mar 1884) The definitive statement on Freemasonry, its opposition to the Church, and the response of Catholics.
On the Propagation of Faith and Eastern Churches (Christi Nomen) (24 Dec 1894) The pope begins "Our first duty is to spread the name and reign of Christ more widely every day, and to call back the mutinous and the wandering to the bosom of the Church."
On the Study of Sacred Scripture (Providentissimus Deus) (18 Nov 1893) This encyclical offers the Pope's guidance to Scripture scholars, especially in the face of Rationalist "Higher" Criticism.
http://www.churchdocs.org/papal/leo.xiii/leo.xiii.html   (790 words)

  
 Pope Leo XIII
His pontificate was marked by an openness to scientific progress and concern for reconciling the church with the modern world.
Born Gioacchino Vincenzo Pecci at birth, he was ordained in 1837.
The pontificate of Leo XIII was especially important for the leadership he gave on social questions.
http://www.churchdocs.org/papal/leo.xiii/leo.xiii.info.html   (231 words)

  
 Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers, Series II, Vol. XII
A Fragment of a Letter from Anatolius, Bishop of Constantinople, to Leo
http://www.ccel.org/fathers2/NPNF2-12/TOC.htm   (621 words)

  
 Pope Leo XIII
"When Leo became pope in 1878, there was little harmony between the people and the papacy.
"Leo XIII: Separation of Church and State." Theological Studies 14 (June 1953) 145-214.
Pope Leo XIII was Bishop of Rome from 1878 to 1903.
http://www.shc.edu/theolibrary/resources/popes_leo13.htm   (429 words)

  
 Pope Leo X with Cardinals Giulio de' Medici and Luigi de' Rossi by RAFFAELLO Sanzio
An illuminated prayer book lies open on the table in front of Pope Leo.
Perhaps those who connect Raphael's name only with beautiful Madonnas and idealized figures from the classical world may even be surprised to see this portrait.
This group portrait (which created a sensation, notwithstanding the existence of precedents) is focused on the central figure of the Pope.
http://www.wga.hu/html/r/raphael/5roma/5/09leo_x.html   (369 words)

  
 Writings of Pope Leo the Great
Pope Leo's most significant contribution to the Christological discussion was certainly this great letter, writter to his brother-bishop Flavian, yet addressed in spirit to the Church at large and known throughout history as the Tome of St Leo.
Unable personally to attend the Fourth Ecumenical Council (Chalcedon,
451), Leo nonetheless wished his voice to be heard on the important matters under consideration.
http://www.monachos.net/patristics/christology/leo_writings.shtml   (111 words)

  
 [No title]
As Cardinal-Bishop of Perugia, he insisted on religious instruction and on the study of Aquinas.
First, the encyclical divided the world into two camps, the Holy Catholic Church which followed Jesus Christ--and then everyone else who, Leo wrote, followed Satan.
Historians understand the Pope's refounding of a new Latin Sepulchre Order to be a part of his ongoing plans to introduce and strengthen Roman Catholic practice among the Faithful, with the Equestrian Sepulchre Knights leading the way as faithful adherents of the Latin Church.
http://www.greeleynet.com/~maxalla/OKHSSub/LeoXIII.html   (1743 words)

  
 Pope Leo I
When the synod of Chalcedon assembled in 451, the papal legates were treated with great respect, and Leo's former letter to Flavian was adopted by acclamation as formulating the creed of the universal church on the subject of the person of Christ.
His successor was Hilarius or Hilarus, who had been one of the papal legates at the "robber" synod in 449.
The result of a correspondence was that Leo by his legates sent to Flavian that famous epistle in which he sets forth with great fulness of detail the doctrine ever since recognized as orthodox regarding the union of the two natures in the one person of Jesus Christ.
http://www.nndb.com/people/326/000095041   (731 words)

  
 Patron Saints Index: Pope Saint Leo III
Charlemagne, with his letters of congratulations, sent a fortune which Leo used to build churches and found charitable institutions.
There was no evidence of Leo's guilt, but there was of his accusers, and they were imprisoned.
Elected pope the day after his predecessor's burial, probably so there would not be any outside interference with the decision of the cardinals.
http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintl24.htm   (212 words)

  
 Pope Leo Background
Wrote letters and sermons encouraging and teaching his flock, many of which survive today; it is for these writings that Leo was proclaimed a Doctor of the Church in 1574.
As Leo had a great devotion to Saint Peter, many believe the first pope was the visionary opponent to the Huns.
As Leo spoke, Attila saw the vision of a man in priestly robes, carrying a bare sword, and threatening to kill the invader if he did not obey Pope Leo.
http://users4.ev1.net/~ratsouthern/camelcat/Pope_Leo_background.html   (134 words)

  
 Leo X, pope
Leo granted Henry VIII of England the title Defender of the Faith (
Leo was not a competent ruler; he was a good, pious man, a dilettante of letters and art, but not greatly interested in the advancement of the church.
He was the son of Lorenzo de' Medici, was made a cardinal in his boyhood, and was head of his family before he was 30 (see
http://www.factmonster.com/ce6/people/A0829413.html   (202 words)

  
 Medieval Sourcebook: Leo I and Attila
And the outcome was what his faith had foreseen; for when the king had received the embassy, he was so impressed by the presence of the high priest that he ordered his army to give up warfare and, after he had promised peace, he departed beyond the Danube.
Attila, the leader of the Huns, who was called the scourge of God, came into Italy, inflamed with fury, after he had laid waste with most savage frenzy Thrace and Illyricum, Macedonia and Moesia, Achaia and Greece, Pannonia and Germany.
Our most blessed Pope Leo -trusting in the help of God, who never fails the righteous in their trials - undertook the task, accompanied by Avienus, a man of consular rank, and the prefect Trygetius.
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/attila2.html   (668 words)

  
 Saints of July 3
1st century; declared apostle of India by Pope Paul VI in 1972; feast day formerly on December 21.
Zealous, austere, and charitable, his claim to sanctity has been supported by the Bollandists.
Anatolius, one of the greatest scholars of his age, headed the Aristotelian school at Alexandria.
http://www.saintpatrickdc.org/ss/0703.htm   (3077 words)

  
 KOLBE'S GREATEST BOOKS: POPE LEO VI
The only other item of information regarding Leo which has reached us is that "according to most writers he was buried in St. Peter's".
He was a Roman, the son of the primicerius, Christopher, who had been prime-minister of John VIII.
Others, however, believe he became pope before the month of June.
http://www.greatestbooks.org/studentlibrary/churchpopes/leo6.htm   (139 words)

  
 ChurchRodent: Leo III, Pope
He was rescued and brought back to St. Peter's, but fighting continued in the streets and he called on the traditional protector of the papacy, the King of the Franks, Charles the Great, who restored the papacy to Rome.
He was the victim of mutiny on April 25, 799 when armed men loyal to the previous pope, Adrian I, kidnapped Leo and rushed him to a Greek monastery.
Perjury and adultery were among the charges leveled at Leo.
http://tatumweb.com/churchrodent/terms/leoiiipope.htm   (96 words)

  
 Catholic Pages Directory: » Church Documents » Papal Documents » POPE LEO XIII
Catholic Pages Directory: » Church Documents » Papal Documents » POPE LEO XIII
Apostolicae Curae Pope Leo XIII - On the Nullity of Anglican Orders - 1896
http://www.catholic-pages.com/dir/leo13_docs.asp   (802 words)

  
 Antichrist Slideshow
"For the Roman pontiff (pope), by reason of his office as VICAR OF CHRIST, and as pastor of the entire Church has full, supreme, and universal POWER over the whole Church, a power which he can always exercise UNHINDERED."
quoting THE GREAT ENCYCLICAL LETTERS OF POPE LEO XIII
--CATECHISM OF THE CATHOLIC CHURCH, 1994, P. "We declare, say, define, and pronounce that it is absolutely NECESSARY FOR the SALVATION of every human creature to be SUBJECT TO THE ROMAN PONTIFF (POPE)."
http://www.jesus-is-lord.com/anti1.htm   (265 words)

  
 COB-NET Historical Notes: Pope Leo X
The rest of Leo's life was a series of military treaties and alliances when he should have been correcting the religious turmoil that resulted from his own excesses and lack of focus.
The Church at Rome was badly in need of ecclesiastical reform before Pope Leo X and these new deceptive money-making schemes were the proverbial "straw that broke the camel's back." Luther responded by posting his ninety-five arguments for reform.
The word Protestant comes not from Luther but from the "protesting" of these German princes to the Diet of Speyer in 1529, which sought to impose limits on the new religion and increase toleration for Catholicism.
http://www.cob-net.org/text/history_popeleo.htm   (461 words)

  
 Leo XIII - Immortale Dei
From these pronouncements of the Popes it is evident that the origin of public power is to be sought for in God Himself, and not in the
More important results even might have been justly looked for, had obedience waited upon the authority, teaching, and counsels of the Church, and had this submission been specially marked by greater and more unswerving loyalty.
Doctrines such as these, which cannot be approved by human reason, and most seriously affect the whole civil order, Our predecessors the Roman Pontiffs (well aware of what their apostolic office required of them) have never allowed to pass uncondemned.
http://www.vatican.va/holy_father/leo_xiii/encyclicals/documents/hf_l-xiii_enc_01111885_immortale-dei_en.html   (6038 words)

  
 Pope Leo II
This Hefel in his Conciliengeschichte (iii, 294) regards as alone expressing the true meaning of Leo.
It was during Leo's pontificate that the dependence of the see of Ravenna upon that of Rome was finally settled by imperial edict.
Pope Leo II Teachers Paradise School Supplies Teacher Resources Free Encyclopedia
http://www.teachersparadise.com/ency/en/wikipedia/p/po/pope_leo_ii.html   (114 words)

  
 MSN Encarta - Pope Leo III
Upon his election to the papacy, Leo had the...
Leo III, Saint (750?-816), pope from 795 to 816.
He was born in Rome of modest southern Italian lineage.
http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761572442/Pope_Leo_III.html   (90 words)

  
 Pope Leo I - Popes Quiz
There have been many popes who have had the name Leo, but none really do justice to the first.
See how much you know about the man who started the "Leo" tradition.
* What very prestigious title did Pope Leo get after death (hint: not "the great")?
http://www.funtrivia.com/quizdetails.cfm?quiz=209591   (56 words)

  
 Pope Leo VI
Pope Leo VI Leo VI succeeded John X as pope in 928, and reigned seven months and a few days.
Pope Leo VI Teachers Paradise School Supplies Teacher Resources Free Encyclopedia
http://www.teachersparadise.com/ency/en/wikipedia/p/po/pope_leo_vi.html   (75 words)

  
 Patron Saints Index: Pope Saint Leo IV
He saw the Saracens attack Rome in 846; upon his ascension, to prevent its recurrence he fortified the city and its suburbs, building a wall around the Vatican, fortifying the part of Rome still called the Leonine City.
Patron Saints Index: Pope Saint Leo IV Pope LEO IV Memorial
http://www.catholic-forum.com/saints/saintl25.htm   (80 words)

  
 Pope Leo XIII 18 January 1901 Christian Democracy
To Our Venerable Brethren the Patriarchs, Primates, Archbishops, Bishops, and other Ordinaries in Peace and Communion with the Apostolic See.
Pope Leo XIII 18 January 1901 Christian Democracy
Letter to the Minister General of the Minorites, November 25, 1898.
http://www.ewtn.com/library/encyc/l13grcom.htm   (3206 words)

  
 The Hutchinson Encyclopedia: Pope Leo XIII@ HighBeam Research
The Hutchinson Encyclopedia: Pope Leo XIII@ HighBeam Research
http://www.highbeam.com/library/doc0.asp?DOCID=1P1:100246001&refid=ip_encyclopedia_hf   (146 words)

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