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| | Primacy of the Roman Pontiff - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | The primacy of the Roman pontiff is the monarchical authority of the bishop of Rome, from the Holy See, over the several Churches that compose the Catholic Church in the Latin and Eastern Rites. |  | | It is also termed "papal primacy", [1] "primacy of Peter ", [2] or "Roman primacy"; [3] one might encounter "Peter in primacy over the universal Church," [4] "Successor of Peter", [5] and other related expressions. |  | | The Eastern Orthodox churches consider that the Bishop of Rome has a primacy of honor that, since the East-West Schism, is no longer in force. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Papal_primacy
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| | Papal Primacy |
 | | The primacy of the synod cannot, however, be conceived as power over the local church but rather as a charismatic instrument through which the churches of God witness and express their ontological unity in the truth of the gospel. |  | | The primacy of the synod, through which the local churches witness and express their unity in the salvific truths of Christ, does not exclude the primacy of the first bishop or the metropolitan. |  | | If primacy is defined as a form of power, then we encounter the question of whether in the Orthodox church there is a power superior to that of a bishop, i.e., a power over the bishop, and hence the church of which he is head. |
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http://www.goarch.org/en/ourfaith/articles/article8523.asp
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| | CNS STORY: Papal primacy: Land mine on the path to Catholic-Orthodox unity? |
 | | "Orthodox are learning that primacy is a matter of the essence of the church, a dogmatic matter," he said. |  | | For Catholics, however, when the Scripture passages referring to Peter are read in the light of the tradition of the church -- including the first millennium before the schism between East and West -- Peter's role as the leader of the church becomes clear. |  | | Papal primacy: Land mine on the path to Catholic-Orthodox unity? |
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http://www.catholicnews.com/data/stories/cns/0405829.htm
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| | Papacy |
 | | What is unquestioned is that by the 3d century the Roman bishops were representing themselves as having succeeded to the primacy that Peter had enjoyed among the apostles and as wielding within the universal church a primacy of authority in doctrinal matters. |  | | That claim was matched, however, by the rival claim of the church at Constantinople to a jurisdictional primacy in the East equal to that of Rome in the West. |  | | Pope Pius IX (1846-78) made this the program of his pontificate, codified it as a part of the Catholic faith in the decrees on papal primacy and infallibility in Vatican Council I (1869-70), and enforced it with an unprecedented degree of Roman centralization that characterized the Catholic Church into the 1960s. |
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http://mb-soft.com/believe/txc/papacy.htm
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| | Catholic Culture : Document Library : Vatican I And The Papal Primacy |
 | | Finally, God's purpose in establishing the Primacy is to draw the faithful into a twofold unity with Christ a unity of faith and charity both of which are necessary for salvation. |  | | The Papal Primacy is a work of charity guaranteeing unity of both truth and communion within the Church. |  | | Vatican Council I, in fact, defines a twofold Primacy of Peter one in papal teaching on faith and morals (the charism of infallibility), and the other a primacy of jurisdiction involving government and discipline of the Church submission to both being necessary to Catholic faith and salvation. |
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http://www.catholicculture.org/docs/doc_view.cfm?recnum=4748
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| | David Carlson Ph.D. -- Book Review -- You Are Peter: An Orthodox Theologian's Reflection on the Exercise of Papal ... |
 | | The West understood papal tomes as "the faith of the Church as the apostle Peter first proclaimed it" and therefore as the dominant, decisive word in council deliberations. |  | | Papal primacy was valid only when it worked "in communion with the council" and "at the service of the Church." Thus, the East, Clement maintains, "emphasized conciliarity without...denying papal primacy." |  | | David Carlson Ph.D. You Are Peter: An Orthodox Theologian's Reflection on the Exercise of Papal Primacy |
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http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/articles4/CarlsonPrimacy.shtml
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| | Stress on papal primacy led to exaggerated clout for a pope among equals |
 | | The reason the bishops of Vatican I were far less nuanced in the definition of papal primacy was clearly recognized even by many contemporaries: the bishops theology of the church was defective. |  | | I am amazed that whenever I explain the theological limits to papal power the same question arises: If the pope does not have a direct line to God, who does? This is linked with the assumption that pope and church are coterminous and that everything the pope says is absolute law for good Catholics. |  | | It has led to the exercise of untrammelled papal power and has become a major stumbling block in ecumenical relationships with the Orthodox (who consider the definition to be heresy) and Protestants. |
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http://www.natcath.com/NCR_Online/archives2/1997d/102497/102497f.htm
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| | Origins of Papal Primacy |
 | | To establish her primacy among the churches of the Western half of the empire, the bishops of Rome relied on a letter written in 416 by Innocent I to the Bishop of Gubbio, to show how subordination to Rome had been established. |  | | Since Rome encompassed much of the known world, her first task was to unite the city itself under one faith and form and language of worship, that is, bring all the congregations under the supervision of the bishop of Rome. |
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http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Medieval%20Papacy/PucciarelliPaperOne.html
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Ecclesiastical Letters |
 | | As soon, however, as the Church was recognized by the State and could freely spread in all directions, the papal primacy of necessity began to develop, and from this time on the number of papal letters increased. |  | | Nevertheless, the forging of papal letters was even more frequent in the Middle Ages than in the early Church. |  | | All known papal letters up to 1198 are enumerated by Jaffé in the "Regesta Rom. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09202a.htm
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| | Rev. Dr. Paul Collins' Response to the Observations on his book Papal Power by an anonymous CDF consulter |
 | | my understanding is that the papal magisterium has a solemn obligation to make sure that what it teaches is in conformity with what the bishops and community of the church believe. |  | | Secondly, Haec sancta stated: Therefore, "everyone of whatever state or dignity, even papal, is bound to obey it in those matters which pertain to the faith, the eradication of the said schism and the general reform of the... |  | | He says that for something to be taught infallibly by the ordinary magisterium it has "to be clearly established that the tradition has remained constant, and that even today the universal body of Catholic bishops is teaching the same doctrine to be definitively held". |
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http://www.usao.edu/~facshaferi/collinscdf.htm
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| | The Nature of Papal Primacy |
 | | According to divine revelation this is the formal meaning of the primacy of Peter: to be the perpetual and visible center and foundation of the community of Churches which is vivified by the Spirit of Christ. |  | | The basis of the primacy is, on the one hand, its historical institution be Christ, but on the other it is the actual presence today of Christ in the primatial acts of the Pope. |  | | It is what most brings out the fact that we are faced with a 'mystery of faith' and not with 'an organizational factor' in the Church ascertainable by the natural light of human reason. |
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http://www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/papab3.htm
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| | Homiletic & Pastoral Review |
 | | In reconciling the ideas of episcopal collegiality and papal primacy, the author draws fruitfully upon a too-little-known 1992 document of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, Some Aspects of the Church Understood as Communion, as well as upon the thought of the outstanding contemporary moral theologian Dr. Germain Grisez. |  | | Authority, especially papal authority, could never again play the role it had enjoyed in the preconciliar Church; decentralization of Church authority was surely one of those famous ideas whose time had come. |  | | The papacy with its primacy is surely inescapably and forever an integral part of the Catholic Church. |
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http://www.catholic.net/rcc/Periodicals/Homiletic/2001-05/whitehead.html
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| | CGR Community - Papal primacy |
 | | Papal infallibility refers only to teaching matters of faith and morals with the authority he has as Vicar of Christ, he is divinely preserved from error. |  | | 10-24-2002, 02:56 PM Papal infallibility refers only to teaching matters of faith and morals with the authority he has as Vicar of Christ, he is divinely preserved from error. |  | | The Old Catholics were a group of Dutch Roman Catholics who in 1870 seperated from Rome over papal infallibility because they held it had no origin in Church tradition. |
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http://www.christianguitar.org/forums/archive/index.php/t-37540
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| | The Roman Primacy and the Spiritual Life |
 | | We commonly, and correctly, associate the papal primacy with the exercise of authority in governing the Church. |  | | JOHN A. Until recent years, we would hardly have written on a subject like "The Roman Primacy and the Spiritual Life." But much has happened to call for some inquiry into the relationship between faith in the papal primacy and growth in the spiritual life. |  | | Until recent years, we would hardly have written on a subject like "The Roman Primacy and the Spiritual Life." But much has happened to call for some inquiry into the relationship between faith in the papal primacy and growth in the spiritual life. |
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http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0429.html
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| | Philip Blosser - Scripture and Catholic Tradition |
 | | The Divine Primacy of the Bishop of Rome and Modern Eastern Orthodoxy: Letters to a Greek Orthodox on the Unity of the Church. |  | | The Pope also refers to his papal predecessors' references to themselves as the successors of Peter and to the powers conferred on them by Christ at the founding of His Church. |  | | Eastern Orthodoxy's Witness to Papal Primacy: The Acacian Schism of 484-519 |
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http://catholictradition.blogspot.com/2005_01_01_catholictradition_archive.html
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| | Papal Primacy |
 | | As the function of the Primacy is to preserve the unity and solidarity of the Church; and as the Church, according to the will of her Divine Founder, is to continue substantially unchanged until the end of time for the perpetuation of the work of salvation, the Primacy also must be perpetuated. |  | | That the primacy is to be perpetuated in the successors of Peter is, indeed, not expressly stated in the words of the promise and conferring of the Primacy by Our Lord but it flows as an inference from the nature and purpose of the Primacy itself. |  | | On page 303 he says, "The unity both of faith and of communion is guaranteed by the Primacy of the Pope." In other words, the entire belief structure of Roman Catholicism and its being the Church of Jesus Christ depends on the primacy of the pope. |
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http://www.angelfire.com/ky/dodone/RadioPR.html
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| | PAPAL PRIMACY AND THE COUNCIL OF NICAEA (This Rock: June 1997) |
 | | Papal infallibility involves divine assistance that preserves a pope from error when he does speak authoritatively in matters of faith and morals. |  | | For another, the papal commission from Christ is first of all to "strengthen the brethren" if possible, not cast them out. |  | | Meyendorff ignores the repeated, clearly attested exercise of papal universal jurisdiction which we have seen in the first, second, third, and fourth centuries. |
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http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/1997/9706eaw.asp
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| | Catholic World News : New Vatican document on papal primacy |
 | | On the other hand, it notes that the papal primacy is not a matter of absolute power, since the Pope, like Peter, makes his decisions in a collegial setting, after consulting with the bishops of the world. |  | | Cardinal Ratzinger, the prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, signed the new document along with the secretary of that dicastery, Bishop Tarcisio Bertone. |  | | Against that background, the document suggests that all Christians should pray for a favorable resolution of the discussion on papal primacy-- a resolution that would allow Church unity and the exercise of papal primacy as Christ intended it. |
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http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=8761
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| | The Ante-Nicene Development of Papal Primacy |
 | | She is the life-work of the two greatest Apostles, known of all and knowing all, she is a supreme witness to the unified voice of the Church. |  | | It is impossible to deny that, even before the appearance of local primacies, the Church from the first days of her existence possessed an ecumenical center of unity and agreement. |  | | Although himself an Asiatic, he asserted the primacy of Rome over the other churches
Irenaeus defined what was to become the Roman claim of centralism
it was there [Rome] that all the traditions and experiences of the church were gathered, examined, and reconciled. |
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http://matt1618.freeyellow.com/papalprimacy.html
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| | PAPAL PRIMACY IN THE THIRD MILLENNIUM |
 | | Shaw comments appropriately on the proposals of such diverse voices as retired Archbishop John R. Quinn, the Anglican-Catholic dialogue body known as ARCIC-II, and such dissenting groups as "Association for the Rights of Catholics in the Church" and "We Are Church". |  | | The Pope's Petrine Ministry is simply essential to the divinely instituted hierarchical constitution of the Church Militant. |  | | Shaw notes the current attempts intent on either "Taming the Pope" or demythologizing, i.e., subverting his universal authority over the entire Church as instituted by Christ the Lord. |
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http://credo.stormloader.com/Reviews/shaw.htm
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| | Canon Broadsides (This Rock: April 1999) |
 | | Given the importance of tradition in the early Church and its abhorrence of doctrinal innovation, it strains credulity to assert the Roman primacy was a later innovation rather than a reflection of a more ancient understanding of the true structure of the Church. |  | | Anti-Catholic apologists reject the notion the bishop of Rome ever held or was recognized as holding a primacy of universal jurisdiction in the early Church. |  | | According to this view, certain decrees of the early councils undermine the historical basis for the doctrine of papal primacy. |
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http://www.catholic.com/thisrock/1999/9904fea2.asp
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| | Catholic World News : CONFERENCE APPRAISES PAPAL PRIMACY |
 | | The document produced by that conference affirmed: "The primacy is a continuation, in the ministry of the Bishop of Rome, of the prerogatives conferred by Christ to Peter in relation to his Church." |  | | VATICAN (CWN) -- The Congregation for Doctrine of the Faith today published a communique at the end of a symposium on papal primacy, which was held at the Vatican this week. |  | | The proceedings of the Vatican conference will be edited and published as a collection of essays, serving as a contribution from the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith to the task of deepening understanding of the papal mission. |
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http://www.cwnews.com/news/viewstory.cfm?recnum=3161
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| | Synod 2001 World's bishop address papal primacy/qoutes |
 | | Proposals to diminish papal authority in the Church in favor of semi-autonomous national episcopal conferences were a major feature of the World Synod of Bishops, entitled "The Bishop: Servant of the Gospel of Jesus Christ for the Hope of the World", held in Rome September 30 - October 27. |  | | Issues of "collegiality" (interaction between bishops and the Holy See), a focus of the papal letter Novo Millenio Ineuente, appeared be uppermost in many bishops' minds. |  | | Other prelates supported papal authority in addressing the synod, and some made remarkably candid interventions recognizing the grave problems that the Church faces all over the world. |
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http://www.adoremus.org/1101synod2001.html
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| | Spiritual Marriage |
 | | Buckley describes the "twofold unity" - unity of the episcopate and of the faithful - which constitutes the fundamental mission of the primacy, and in the next explains how this unity is expressed in communion. |  | | Like the symposium for which it was written originally, the monograph addresses the character of papal leadership, and its service to episcopate and to the Church as a whole - an issue, Fr. |  | | "The primacy is one of God's great gifts to the Church," Fr. |
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http://www.bc.edu/bc_org/rvp/pubaf/chronicle/v7/o1/buckley.html
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| | TCRNews.com Eastern Orthodoxy |
 | | The Primacy of Peter with its special prerogatives and privileges exercised today by the Roman Pontiff as the Successor of Peter in his Chair of Unity is thus an essential element of both the visible unity of the Church and its visible Catholicity. |  | | If the Gates of Hell are not to prevail against the Church built on a Rock (and that Rock the person of Peter, not merely his faith), Christ's authoritative headship of the Church must be reflected in the hierarchical order of the Church itself. |  | | The establishment of His Church's external visible unity as well as His Church's inner unity of faith was the fruit of Christ's High Priestly Prayer to His heavenly Father that all His followers be "one" in order that "the world may believe that Thou hast sent Me" (See all of John 17). |
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http://www.tcrnews2.com/EOrthodoxy2.html
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| | Papal Primacy |
 | | The doctrine of papal primacy upholds the divine authority of the Successor of St. Peter to rule over the entire Church with ordinary and immediate jurisdiction. |  | | This is the doctrine of Catholic truth from which no one can deviate and keep his faith and salvation... |  | | Infallibility directs our attention to the unifying role of the Pope in matters of faith, and primacy to that role with respect to sacramental and other ecclesiastical disciplines. |
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http://www.ewtn.com/expert/answers/papal_primacy.htm
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| | Catholic Pages Directory: » The Church » THE POPE |
 | | Primacy of the Successor of Peter in the Mystery of the Church Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith (30 October 1998) |  | | Faith in Christ Shown by Loyalty to the Pope by Fr John Hardon SJ (from Catholic Faith, January/February 1998) |  | | Claims of the Primacy and the Costly Call to Unity, Several Articles in Response |
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http://www.catholic-pages.com/dir/pope.asp
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| | Bishops insist collegiality should not challenge papal primacy |
 | | For his part, Archbishop Morales Reyes of San Luis Potosi addressed the question of Peter´s Successor, explaining that "faithfulness to this primacy is an integral and unrenounceable part of the Christian faith". |  | | Cardinal Paskai said he felt obliged to speak in defence of the ministry of the Bishop of Rome, because he believes that it is necessary "to express clearly the doctrine of the Church in our time, where the common sentiment is against authority and hierarchy". |  | | A number of bishops, including Ecuadorean Bishop José Mario Ruiz Navas and Swiss Bishop Amédée Grab of Chur, president of the Council of European Episcopal Conferences, last week requested that the assembly increase the powers of the bishops´ conferences and the synod. |
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http://www.cathnews.com/news/110/25.php
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| | Pharsea : When is the Pope not the Pope? |
 | | The papal authority is limited by the Holy Tradition of the Faith, and that regards also the Liturgy. |  | | The stronger the papal primacy was exercised, the more the question arose, just what the limits of this authority were, which of course, no-one had ever before thought about. |  | | was used against Boniface VIII as well as against the papal primacy in a manner not justified by its content. |
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http://www.geocities.com/pharsea/limits.html
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| | Catholic Online - Cathcom - Benedict XVI Hopes Papal Primacy Won't Be Seen as Barrier to Unity |
 | | Benedict XVI hopes that the papal primacy will not be seen as an obstacle but as a support for the full unity of Christian churches and confessions. |  | | ATICAN CITY, JULY 1, 2005 (Zenit) - Benedict XVI hopes that the papal primacy will not be seen as an obstacle but as a support for the full unity of Christian churches and confessions. |  | | After greeting the delegation from Constantinople, the Pope said: "How can we not recall today that the primacy of the Church that is in Rome and of her bishops is a primacy of service to Catholic communion?" |
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http://www.catholic.org/cathcom/international_story.php?id=15383
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| | Pontifications » Blog Archive » When is a Primate a Primate? |
 | | That he consistently refers to his post as the See of Peter, is not a theology of Papal Primacy, but a respect for whose chair he holds. |  | | This one phrase is a thin reed on which to try to make the passage from primacy to supremacy. |  | | If we can all agree that Holy Gregory (as well as a host of his worthy predecessors) held this belief and yet also agree that they are members of the Orthodox Church (unto the age of ages), then it follows that belief in Papal supremacy is no obstacle to membership in the Church. |
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http://pontifications.classicalanglican.net/index.php?p=486
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| | Anglican Synod to debate Papal Primacy |
 | | A joint Roman Catholic and Anglican report arguing that the Pope should be recognised as the "universal primate" is to be debated by the General Synod of the Anglican Church next month. |  | | The Rev David Phillips, the general secretary of the Church Society and a Synod member, said: "We would reject universal primacy even if the papacy is reformed. |  | | There is no way we would want to be linked to the Roman Catholic Church. |
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http://www.cathnews.com/news/401/97.php
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| | papal primacy |
 | | Therefore, St. Peter and each of his successors represent our Lord on this earth as His Vicar and lead the faithful flock of the Church to the kingdom of heaven. |  | | Nevertheless, our Church boasts of an unbroken line of legitimate successors of St. Peter who stand in the stead of Christ. |  | | Even the Orthodox Churches recognize the pope as the successor of St. Peter; however, they do not honor his binding jurisdiction over the whole Church but only grant him a position of "first among equals." |
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http://catholicherald.com/saunders/05ws/ws050512.htm
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| | Atila Guimaraes Book review Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium by Russell Shaw @ TraditionInAction.org |
 | | He tries to show that the Catholic Church developed into a strong and monarchical Papacy either influenced by or in reaction to the various temporal regimes, which were always trying to make the Church submit to their orders. |  | | Yes, the Pope should be presented as a servant and not as the principle of unity, but the change should not be too much
|  | | Yes, they should become more “representative of the whole of the Church,” but not too much. |
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http://www.traditioninaction.org/bkreviews/A_006br_ShawPrimacy.htm
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| | Papal Primacy In The Third Millennium - 17400 |
 | | On the other are those who desire to bring the papal office into the twenty-first century with changes that are consistent with Catholic teaching and that serve the interests of the Church as a whole. |  | | If you want to know what's really going on behind efforts to "tame the pope," you owe it to yourself-and your Church-to read this provocative new examination of the conflict over the role of the successors of St. Peter in the life of the universal Church. |  | | On one side are the progressives who seek to weaken the office of the papacy through a systematic program of robbing the pope of his authority. |
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http://www.catholicstore.com/index.asp?PageAction=VIEWPROD&ProdID=12365
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| | 50 NT Proofs for Petrine Primacy & the Papacy |
 | | The Catholic doctrine of the papacy is biblically-based, and is derived from the evident primacy of St. Peter among the apostles. |  | | Like all Christian doctrines, it has undergone development through the centuries, but it hasn't departed from the essential components already existing in the leadership and prerogatives of St. Peter. |  | | See the related paper, Reply to a Critique of my 50 New Testament Proofs for Petrine Primacy and the Papacy, for a fuller explanation of exactly what I think these biblical evidences prove, and how I view them in terms of logical force (i.e., what I would claim for them), especially when considered individually. |
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http://ic.net/~erasmus/RAZ112.HTM
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| | Papal Primacy/Infallibility/Union with Orthodoxy - Part I - The Byzantine Forum |
 | | It would be inconsistent for the Latin Church to address the Orthodox as if they are a part of the Church and then say, "well, you are all anethema because you don't accept papal infallibility as dogma". |  | | Papal Primacy/Infallibility/Union with Orthodoxy - Part I (Page 1) |  | | When in doubt, look to your pastor or bishop. |
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http://www.byzcath.org/bboard/Forum2/HTML/000092.html
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| | Milton V. Anastos - 3. The papal primacy and the question of Peter's visit to Rome |
 | | Some believe that we have here an indication that the primacy of Rome was acknowledged by the end of the second century. |  | | A Survey of the Relations between the Byzantine and the Roman Churches. |  | | But, even most Catholic scholars agree, what Irenaeus meant was that, because of the high distinction of its founders, Rome had won special recognition as a repository of the teaching of the Apostles, which was preserved in the same form by all the apostolic sees. |
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http://www.myriobiblos.gr/texts/english/milton1_3.html
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| | Papacy & Infallibility Apologetics Index Page |
 | | The Eastern Church Defends Petrine Primacy and the Papacy! |  | | Debate: On the Papacy and the Ancient Church |  | | 50 New Testament Proofs for Petrine Primacy and the Papacy 14K |
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http://ic.net/~erasmus/ERASMUS4.HTM
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| | Andrew Greeley's The Great Mysteries, Introduction to the New Edition |
 | | For the church, Avery Dulles's Models of the Church (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974) and Paul C. Empie and T. Austin Murphy's Papal Primacy and the Universal Church (Minneapolis, Minnesota: Augsburg, 1974) are very helpful. |  | | There are a number of superb books on Jesus available. |  | | The articles in the one-volume edition of The Encyclopedia of Theology: The Concise Sacramentum Mundi (New York: Crossroad) edited by Karl Rahner come close to providing a systematic theology in miniature of that very distinguished theologian. |
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http://www.usao.edu/~facshaferi/greeley/mystbib.htm
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Unam Sanctam |
 | | The statements concerning the relations between the spiritual and the secular power are of a purely historical character, so far as they do not refer to the nature of the spiritual power, and are based on the actual conditions of medieval Western Europe. |  | | In the struggles of the Gallican party against the authority of the Roman See, and also in the writings of non-Catholic authors against the definition of Papal Infallibility, the Bull "Unam Sanctam" was used against Boniface VIII as well as against the papal primacy in a manner not justified by its content. |  | | As its content shows, a careful distinction is made between the fundamental principles concerning the Roman primacy and the declarations as to the application of these to the secular power and its representatives. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/15126a.htm
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| | Amazon.ca: Books: Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium |
 | | Amazon.ca: Books: Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium |  | | Look for books like Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium by subject: |  | | Top of Page : Papal Primacy in the Third Millennium |
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http://www.amazon.ca/exec/obidos/ASIN/0879735554/medfools01-20
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| | ACTS - Primacy Debate Catholic vs. Orthodox |
 | | Premise: The idea of Papal primacy, being anything but a primacy of honor, enjoys no sustained Patristic support. |  | | A series of 5 Question and Answer Sessions (500 words) will go back and forth, with Joseph Suaiden initiating the Q/A session. |  | | God willing, The debate began on Tuesday, July 16, 2002. |
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http://www.a2z.org/acts/articles/primacy
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