|
| |
| | Is a Chalcedonian Christology Coherent? |
 | | Moulder’s way of keeping consistent with the Chalcedonian claim that Jesus is both God and man is by redefining what it means to be God. | | | The Chalcedonian’s claimed that "Jesus was homoousios [of the same substance] with us as to his humanity." This claim, Moulder has rightly said, is open to dispute because what it means to be human is open to dispute. | | | He examines the Chalcedonian Formulation of A.D. 451 which says that Jesus is both fully God and fully man simultaneously. |
|
http://www.apostolic.net/biblicalstudies/chalcedon.htm
(4284 words)
|
|
| |
| | Oriental Orthodoxy |
| | The Chalcedonian formula was rejected by the Patriarch of Antioch, leading to the persecution of the non-Chalcedonian Syrian church. | | | The Chalcedonians sometimes called the non-Chalcedonians "monophysites", though the Coptic Church denies that it teaches monophysitism, which it regards as a heresy. | | | Council of Chalcedon (AD), but many Egyptian Christians including many monks, were unhappy with the decisions of the council, and pro-Chalcedonian and anti-Chalcedonian parties formed in the church, and tried to get their candidates appointed as the Pope and Patriarch of Alexandria, who was the chief bishop of the church in north-eastern Africa. |
|
http://home1.gte.net/~vze48txr/OrientalOrthodoxy.htm
(3028 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Byzantine Fathers |
| | The Chalcedonian Oros and the Tragic Schism in the Church. | | | The Chalcedonian oros or definition of faith became the cause of a tragic schism in the Church. | | | The Chalcedonian oros or definition was a revision of the exposition of faith of 433. |
|
http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/fathers_florovsky_3.htm
(16869 words)
|
|
| |
| | "Can We Dispense With Chalcedon?" by Gerald E Bray |
| | The Chalcedonian position is nothing like this - Jesus' humanity in orthodox thought is not a barrier but a means to the perception of God. | | | This is the reality which is enshrined in the Chalcedonian Definition which will stand unchanged and unsurpassed as long as Christian faith endures. | | | As we have already indicated, the authority of the Chalcedonian Definition rests ultimately on its claim to be a comprehensive analysis of biblical teaching. |
|
http://www.earlychurch.org.uk/article_chalcedon_bray.html
(6305 words)
|
|
| |
| | Christology: From Chalcedon to Anselm |
| | Byzantium, while remaining true to the letter of the Chalcedonian definition, manifested always, throughout its history, in its political theology and in the character of its spirituality generally, the "Neo-Chalcedonian" standpoint which emphasizes the "divinizing" of the natural, and is therefore uneasy with the Chalcedonian duality of natures. | | | The Chalcedonian unity of person in the distinction of natures provides the dogmatic basis for the preservation of the divine transcendence, which must always be a feature of the Christian concept of God. | | | The Chalcedonian definition may seem to have a static-ontic ring, but it is not meant to do away with the salvation-historical aspect of biblical christology, for which, in fact, it provides a foundation and deeper insights. |
|
http://www.prayerbook.ca/crouse/writings/christology.htm
(1822 words)
|
|
| |
| | Pannenberg and the Chalcedonian Creed |
| | The Chalcedonian definition insists that the divine nature and the human nature are unmixed. | | | In this matter, we must agree with the Chalcedonian definition and the theology of Pannenberg, in affirming both Jesus' true humanity and his sinlessness. | | | Pannenberg rejects the Chalcedonian definition, on the basis of the incoherence of the "two natures... |
|
http://freespace.virgin.net/linz.cullen/pannenberg.html
(4524 words)
|
|
| |
| | One Physis or Hypostasis of God the Logos Incarnate |
| | We must be very clear about the fact that the Chalcedonians means two ousiai when they speak of two physeis after the union, whereas the non-Chalcedonians, as pointed out very clearly by Father Samuel's paper also, do not mean one ousia when they speak of one physis after the union. | | | The Chalcedonian Orthodox, on the other hand, believe that it was Cyril's Christology which was not only fully accepted at Ephesus, but served as the basis of all judgments concerning Christology at Ghalcedon in 451 and especially at Constantinople in 553. | | | The Chalcedonian definition also speaks of itself as preserving the order and all the decrees concerning the Faith passed by the Holy Synod held formerly at Ephesus.... |
|
http://www.orthodoxunity.org/article06.html
(9231 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Glory of Christ: B.B. Warfield on Jesus of Nazareth [Evangelical Library] |
| | Historically, of course, the Chalcedonian definition was formulated by the church in the context of needing to emphasise the unity of the Son with the Father in terms of divinity, while yet also establishing his unity with humanity in the Incarnation. | | | Warfield's own view of the Chalcedonian definition is that it functions as a presupposition which makes the teaching of the Bible comprehensible as a single, unified whole. | | | Only on the assumption of this [the Chalcedonian] conception of Our Lord's person as underlying and determining their presentation, can unity be given to their representations; while, on this supposition, all their representations fall into their places as elements in one consistent whole. |
|
http://www.elib.org.uk/lectures/warfield.html
(7727 words)
|
|
| |
| | Teaching Minds, Changing Hearts |
| | Hence, "the Chalcedonian Fathers were accepting, and giving conciliar authority to, what had had its place in the Churchs Christological thought from earliest days."48 Moreover, uniting God and humanity was anathema to Greek thought, particularly with the well-developed strains of Gnosticism in 451. | | | However, the position which upholds the Chalcedonian confession is that some of Jesus attributes were divine and some were human. | | | According to Morris, in the case of the Chalcedonian Confession the person of Jesus constitutes not only all those essential properties of being fully human, but his essential human nature is only part of a greater whole, that of subsisting within a divine nature. |
|
http://www.tmch.net/christcalcedon.htm
(7360 words)
|
|
| |
| | Christ in a Pluralistic Age |
| | The intention of the Chalcedonian creed was to satisfy these concerns, both of which are faithful to the New Testament and liberating in their effects on the believer. | | | Although no phrase in the Chalcedonian creed explicitly asserts the primacy of the divine initiative in the incarnation, this primacy is implied. | | | They have been read, instead, as describing a radically supernatural being, the God-man. That a full human nature is asserted in the Chalcedonian creed has not prevented the dominance of the view that the God-man is remote from the actual humanity known and experienced by believers. |
|
http://www.religion-online.org/showchapter.asp?title=403&C=130
(3724 words)
|
|
| |
| | Practical Steps Toward Unity |
| | As soon as Chalcedonians see their bishops alongside non-Chalcedonian bishops, and vice versa, working for a common cause, bonds of fraternity will be quick to form. | | | Publication projects, especially those relevant to the common roots and shared faith of the Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian traditions, could be undertaken jointly. | | | In other words, while in our seminaries we Chalcedonians have felt ourselves enormously enriched by the presence of non-Chalcedonian students, we have not always been able to familiarize ourselves with their heritage as extensively as we might like. |
|
http://www.orthodoxunity.org/article09.html
(2437 words)
|
|
| |
| | MENZE: Priests, Laity and the Sacrament of the Eucharist in sixth century Syria |
| | The Eucharist formed the visible boundary between Chalcedonians and non-Chalcedonians in the fifth and sixth centuries. | | | Several canons deal in part with clergy who had been at some point in the service of the Chalcedonians; they distinguish between clergy who were ordained by non-Chalcedonians and "joined the heretics [
] by necessity or by transgression,"51 and clergy who had been ordained by Chalcedonians and later joined the non-Chalcedonians. | | | 54 He erased from the diptychs all Chalcedonian names—probably bishops of Tella. |
|
http://syrcom.cua.edu/Hugoye/Vol7No2/HV7N2Menze.html
(5708 words)
|
|
| |
| | Why Such an Insistence on a Chalcedonian Christology? |
| | Only a Chalcedonian understanding of Christ, coupled with a proper understanding of the limitation of the exercising of Christ's deity (Phil 2:5-11) can explain the Biblical presentation of Jesus Christ as being fully God and a genuine human being simultaneously from conception, and His inferiority to the Father, all the while maintaining Biblical monotheism. | | | Q: It seems from your writings that you place a high premium on a Chalcedonian understanding of Christ (which states that there is a vital union between Christ's complete divine and human natures, resulting in one whole, unfragmented person), and explain the Oneness of God from this perspective. | | | A: Yes, a Chalcedonian Christology is central to my theology, as it should be to anyone’s as far as I am concerned. |
|
http://www.apostolic.net/biblicalstudies/chalcedoninsistanceon.htm
(640 words)
|
|
| |
| | Roman Emperors - DIR Justin II |
| | However, the division between the Chalcedonians and the Monophysites was as wide as ever, and now that the Monophysites had priests and bishops of their own, it was less likely that the schism would ever be healed. | | | 350-354, argues that the Chalcedonian patriarch of Antioch, Gregory, was responsible for Justin's suspicions of Mundhir. | | | Justin cancelled 'those things which had been approved in contradiction to the synod of Chalcedon',[[52]] thereby abrogating Justinian's lapse into aphthartodocetism, and ordered the creed approved by the First Council of Constantinople of 381 to be read in all Catholic churches before the Lord's Prayer. |
|
http://www.roman-emperors.org/justinii.htm
(7552 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Post-Chalcedonian Church: A non-Chalcedonian Perspective |
| | According to non-Chalcedonian texts, the Holy Spirit had left church buildings and even the Holy Places as soon as the Chalcedonian heretics took over. | | | Their emphasis on the Eucharist was underlined by numerous miracles which illustrated that the Holy Spirit was on the side of the Non-Chalcedonians. | | | As many of their bishops were expelled, as they were deprived of a number of their churches, and as the Holy Places in the Holy Land came under Chalcedonian control, they had to redefine their church under radically different conditions. |
|
http://www.humnet.ucla.edu/lateantique/gradconference/menze.html
(600 words)
|
|
| |
| | An Overview of the Coptic Christians of Egypt |
| | The supporters of the Chalcedonian decision claimed and still claim that though their words are different from those of the holy father, their doctrine is exactly the same and is simply expressed with greater precision. | | | Thus, according to the Chalcedonian definition, Jesus of Nazareth is one person or hypostasis in two natures - human and divine. | | | These Christians, called monophysites, rejected the Chalcedonian Council on the basis that the council spoke of two natures, thus rejecting the old formula of Saint Cyril which claimed that in His incarnation, Christ has but one nature. |
|
http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/copticchristians.htm
(3460 words)
|
|
| |
| | MonophysitismReconsidered.txt |
| | However, considering the past, the non-Chalcedonians are better to be called "mia-physites" than "monophysites." Recently, in so far as they are coming to be understood correctly, they are to be called simply "orthodox", the same belief with their brothers the Chalcedonian Orthodox Churches. | | | Recent Efforts for Unity ------------------------ In recent times, members of the Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian Orthodox Churches have met together coming to a clear understanding that both families have always loyally maintained the same authentic Orthodox Christological faith. | | | This could be an imminent fruit of the unity of all Orthodox Churches. |
|
http://www.coptic.net/articles/MonophysitismReconsidered.txt
(1704 words)
|
|
| |
| | Christian History Handbook: Medieval: Lecture One |
| | Indeed, by the end of the sixth century orthodox Chalcedonian clergy maintained control of the church properties in many eastern regions by means of the military presence of the Imperial government. | | | Yet the opponents of the Chalcedonian formula in Egypt and Syria remained adamant and accelerated the process of separating their churches from the orthodox catholic fellowship. | | | One was the teacher of Nestorius, Theodore of Mopsuestia; another was a document written to defend Nestorius against Cyril of Alexandria by Theodoret of Cyrus; and the third condemned a letter written by Ibas of Edessa to a Persian bishop favorable to Nestorius. |
|
http://www.sbuniv.edu/~hgallatin/ht34632e01.html
(4090 words)
|
|
| |
| | Patriarch Sfeir Conference at Oxford University, October 31 2003 |
| | However, the Patriarchate of Antioch has suffered from many schisms, which have given birth to five different Oriental Churches: the Syrian Orthodox Church (non‑Chalcedonian), the Greek Orthodox Church (Chalcedonian), the Maronite Church (Chalcedonian), the Greek Catholic Church (Chalcedonian), and the Syrian Catholic Church (Chalcedonian). | | | As a result of their loyalty to the Chalcedonian faith, they were opposed by the Monophysites. | | | Therefore, the Chalcedonian see of Antioch became vacant between 702‑742 A.D., for the Islamic government was completely intolerant of any Byzantine presence in the city. |
|
http://www.lebanese-forces.org/activities/Patriarch/oxford2003.htm
(4748 words)
|
|
| |
| | History of Dogma - Volume IV (ii.ii.i.iv.iv) |
| | It is undeniable that Chalcedonian orthodoxy was first firmly established in the East in the age of Justinian, that is to say, inner agreement with the Chalcedonian Creed was then first secured to any large extent, and this without abandoning Cyril’s religious theology, but on the contrary while emphasising it and giving it the preference. | | | While, owing to his faith, he stood in an intimate relation to Greek religious feeling, the Chalcedonian formula presented itself to him as an inviolable doctrine promulgated by the Church. | | | shews that the Chalcedonian element is strongly represented in the doctrine of Leontius and that in the efforts he made to do it justice we see the presence of the modern element of personality as distinguished from physic, though indeed only as a kind of shadow of it. |
|
http://www.ccel.org/ccel/harnack/dogma4.ii.ii.i.iv.iv.html
(8707 words)
|
|
| |
| | Eastern Orthodoxy |
| | Self-consciously Nicene and Chalcedonian, they must defend icons of Christ in a way that neither violates his divinity nor separates his natures. | | | He reminds the reader of Chalcedonian orthodoxy; Christ's two natures are "without confusion, change, division, or separation." And he concludes, "An icon, then, did not attempt to represent either the human or the divine nature alone, but instead the unity and totality of the natures in a single person" (p. | | | Chalcedonian truth is rushed in after the fact to recast a Nestorian conclusion. |
|
http://www.pressiechurch.org/Theol_2/eastern_orthodoxy.htm
(3764 words)
|
|
| |
| | Chalcedonian Creed - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The Chalcedonian Creed was written amid controversy between the western and eastern churches over the meaning of the incarnation (see Christology), the ecclesiastical influence of the emperor, and the supremacy of the Roman Pope. | | | The Chalcedonian Creed was adopted at the Council of Chalcedon in 451 in Asia Minor. | | | The western churches readily accepted the creed, but some eastern churches did not. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedonian_Creed
(408 words)
|
|
| |
| | Christology and the “Chalcedonian Definition” |
| | Moreover, in the years since, its resultant, “Chalcedonian Definition” has come to be recognized as the orthodox view of the personhood of Christ, namely, that of the theanthropos, or the “God-Man” who remains as one person, but is constituted by two natures—one Divine, one human. | | | The fact that the Chalcedonian Definition really doesn’t have any definitively positive affirmations to proclaim with regard to the constitutive, though unified nature of Christ has led some to accuse it of theological inadequacy. | | | Moreover, there seems to be a growing band of contemporary theologians that feel the Chalcedonian affirmations suffer from an excessive reliance on Greek patterns of philosophical categorization that lead it down a road of theological red herrings (e.g., the contradistinguishing of constituent natures). |
|
http://www.geocities.com/mnapologetics/Christology.htm
(3933 words)
|
|
| |
| | Incarnation and Identity Vallicella |
| | Orthodox Chalcedonian incarnationalism (hereafter, OCI) implies an identity thesis: the person who is the Son or Logos (Word) is (identically) the person who is Jesus of Nazareth. | | | According to Chalcedonian orthodoxy, Christians believe that God the Son, the second person of the Trinity, at a certain historical moment assumed human nature in Jesus of Nazareth, and did so without forsaking his divine nature. | | | The characteristic claim of Christianity, as codified at Chalcedon, is that God the Son, the second person of the Trinity, is numerically the same person as Jesus of Nazareth. |
|
http://www.independentphilosopher.org/incarnation_and_identity_vallicella.htm
(4345 words)
|
|
| |
| | After Chalcedon |
| | There were Non-Chalcedonian congregations trying to cope with Chalcedonian bishops, and bishops faced with opposition from their Patriarchs. | | | But Chalcedonian attitudes were hardening rather than softening and with the succession of Councils held by the Chalcedonians the non-Chalcedonians found themselves increasingly the subject of anathema and excluded from positions of influence within the empire. | | | If the Chalcedonians had believed Timothy and Anastasius to be heretical in Christological substance then they would surely have not suffered them to retain their positions and influence under any circumstances. |
|
http://www.britishorthodox.org/97g.shtml
(3747 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Ratzinger Quotation Dispute |
| | We encounter the first type in the divisions in the ancient Church between Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian churches; it is also typical of the split between East and West, although ecclesial differences of a hitherto unknown radicality played a role there. | | | The split between the Chalcedonian and pre-Chalcedonian churches concerned the confession of Jesus Christ and was thus obviously central in nature: where there is no unity in confessing Christ, there can also be no unity with regard to the sacrament of Christ's presence, and thus the Body of the Lord is rent. | | | We encounter the second type in the divisions that have been formed in the wake of the reform movements of the sixteenth century. |
|
http://lane.elcore.net/rqd6.htm
(3519 words)
|
|
| |
| | Byzantine Theology |
| | In spite of the support given to it by Heraclius and his successors, Monotheletism was finally condemned in 680 by the Sixth Ecumenical Council, which restated the Chalcedonian affirmation that each nature keeps in Christ the entirety of its characteristics; and therefore, there are two "energies" or wills, the divine and the human in Christ. | | | The characteristics of divinity and humanity express themselves "in communion with each other" (Chalcedonian definition), and human actions, "energies," have God Himself as their personal agent. | | | The position of the Cyrillian Chalcedonians as distinct from the strict Dyophysite position is symbolized by the acceptance of the Theopaschite Cyrillian formula. |
|
http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/byzantine_theology_j_meyendorf.htm
(16676 words)
|
|
| |
| | Historical Christology |
| | It was these questions and heresies that motivated the Church to dig into the Scriptures and come up with a unified belief and formula about who Jesus Christ was which culminated in the Nicene and Chalcedonian Creeds. | | | It was not until the Councils of Nicea A.D. and Chalcedon A.D. that the matter was officially settled in the Church in what is known as The Nicene and Chalcedonian Creeds. | | | This is a question that the early Church struggled with during the first 400 years of the Church. |
|
http://www.layevangelism.com/qreference/chapter4.htm
(4926 words)
|
|
| |
| | Chalcedonian Creed - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | The Chalcedonian Creed was written amid controversy between the western and eastern churches over the meaning of the incarnation (see Christology), the ecclesiastical influence of the emperor, and the supremacy of the Roman Pope. | | | The Chalcedonian Creed was not adopted at the Council of Chalcedon in fact it was killed451 in Asia Minor. | | | The creed became standard orthodox doctrine, while the church of Alexandria dissented, holding to Cyril's formula of the oneness of Christ’s nature as the incarnation of God the Word. |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chalcedonian_Creed
(428 words)
|
|
|
