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| | Aryan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | In addition to these usages, 'Aryan' can also be used as an indication for the religious origin of the Hindus, Jains and Buddhists. | | | Aryan is an English word derived from the Indo-Aryan Vedic Sanskrit and Iranian Avestan terms ari-, arya-, ārya-, and/or the extended form aryāna-. | | | Indeed, the term Iran – in full Iran Shahr – is the modern outcome of an ancient Aryānām Xšaθra- meaning "realm of the Aryans." The Aryan, or Indo-Iranian group of languages is divided into three branches: Indo-Aryan, Nuristani, and Iranian. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aryans
(1391 words)
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| | Who were Illyrians |
| | Middle Persian was also the language of the Manichaean and Zoroastrian books written during the 3rd to the 10th century AD. | | | Old Persian was the administrative language of the early Achaemenian dynasty dating from the 6th century BC; and an eastern Middle Indo-Aryan dialect was the language of the chancellery of the Mauryan emperor Ashoka in India in the mid-3rd century BC. | | | Middle Persian, the major form of which is called Pahlavi, was the official language of the Sasanians (AD 224-651). |
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http://www.geocities.com/iliria1
(15583 words)
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| | Definition of Hindi - Biocrawler |
| | It evolved from the Middle Indo-Aryan prakrit languages of the Middle Ages, and indirectly, from Sanskrit. |
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http://www.biocrawler.com/encyclopedia/Hindi_language
(2020 words)
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| | Indo-Aryan Languages |
| | Old Gujarati was known as Sauraseni, and was later displaced by Gujjari (Khazari or Middle Gujarati). | | | Of these, the languages in the first two categories are extinct (dead), while Sanskrit has been preserved as the sacred language of the Vedas and other sciptures sacred to the Aryan Vishnuite religion. | | | Bibhasa Stage: With the passage of time and the dispersal of the Aryans over large parts of the continent that lacked means of mutual communication, local dialects of Sanskrit developed. |
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http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Ithaca/1335/Lang/prakrit.html
(3044 words)
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| | History of Bangladesh |
| | It is true that the Aryan culture, and the Vedic, Buddhist and Jaina religions influenced Bengal. | | | Nasal sounds were not originally present in the ancient Aryan languages of India; their presence in Sanskrit, Magadhi-Prakrit, and Bengali is due to Dravidian influence. | | | The Old Indo-Aryan period, from the time the Aryans entered India up to the time of Buddha (roughly from 1500 B.C. to 600 B.C.), Vedic and Early Sanskrit are representative of this period. |
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http://www.bongoz.com/history
(7883 words)
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| | THE ARYAN QUESTION REVISITED |
| | It is neither the land of their ancestors, nor is it the land of their religion, the assumption being that all Muslims and all Christians are in origin people who came at some stage from outside India to India and certainly both Islam and Christianity had their origins in West Asia and not in India. | | | Secondly all Hindus are Aryans ipso facto, therefore, all Hindus are indigenous and have not come from outside. | | | The Avesta does describe an Aryan homeland which it calls the arya nama veho, the way from which the aryas came or the way along which the aryas came. |
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http://members.tripod.com/ascjnu/aryan.html
(12454 words)
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| | Influences on Middle Indo-Aryan (from Indo-Aryan languages) -- Britannica Concise Encyclopedia - The online ... |
| | Further, the Pali canon records that the Buddha enjoined his followers to use the vernaculars in communicating his teachings, and the Jaina canon identifies Ardhamagadhi as the language to be employed for communicating the teachings of Mahavira. | | | From their language, also called Aryan, the Indo-European languages of South Asia are descended. | | | The coexistence of Old Indo-Aryan and Middle Indo-Aryan is to be accepted even for the time when the earliest Old Indo-Aryan texts were put to writing. |
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http://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-74596?tocId=74596
(1600 words)
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| | Sanskrit, an Indo-European language |
| | Thereafter the Aryans of Iran and the Aryans of India went their separate ways both culturally and linguistically. | | | The Sanskrit of Panini´s time had the cachet not simply of being the dialect of the educated classes but also of being much closer than was the popular speech to the language of the sacred scriptures themselves. | | | The earliest Indo-Iranian speakers are conveniently known as Aryans, from the name which they gave themselves (Sanskrit arya, Avestan airya - from the latter the modern name Iran is derived, while the name "Eire", at the other end of the Indo-European spectrum, may also be cognate). |
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http://www.muz-online.de/sprache/sanskrit2.html
(1438 words)
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| | Virtual Bangladesh : Bengali |
| | The later is practically a creation of the present century, and is based on the cultivated form of the dialect spoken in Calcutta by the educated people originally coming from districts bordering on the lower reaches of the Hoogly. | | | Its direct ancestor is a form of Prakrit or Middle Indo-Aryan which descended from Sanskrit or Old Indo-Aryan. | | | But some of them, including Bengali, certainly originated by the middle of the tenth century at the latest. |
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http://www.virtualbangladesh.com/bd_bangla.html
(638 words)
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| | ipedia.com: Sanskrit Article |
| | Vedic is named for the Vedas the earliest sacred texts of India and the base of the Hindu religion, which were composed in Vedic. | | | There is a strong genetic relationship between the various forms of Sanskrit and the Middle Indo-Aryan "Prakrits", or vernacular languages, (in which, among other things, most early Buddhist texts are written) and the modern Indo-Aryan languages. | | | It is interesting to note the importance that Sanskrit orthography and Vedic philosophy of sound play in Hindu symbolism, as the varnamala, or sound-garland/alphabet, of 51 letters is also seen to be represented by the 51 skulls of Kali. |
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http://www.ipedia.com/sanskrit.html
(2329 words)
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| | Pali: Definition and Much More From Answers.com |
| | Pali, a tongue of the Middle Indic period (see Indo-Iranian languages) in which the Buddhist scriptures or canon (Tipitaka) were composed, became the main literary language of the Buddhists. | | | It is most famous as the language in which the scriptures of Theravada Buddhism (also known as the Pāli Canon or in Pāli the Tipitaka) were written down in Sri Lanka in the 1st century BCE. | | | It is widely believed that Gotama Buddha spoke either in the vernacular Magadhi or some other middle Indo-Aryan vernacular which was the language of the people near Benares in North-East Central India (now Varanasi) where he resided and taught. |
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http://www.answers.com/topic/pali
(1918 words)
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| | India Timeline 1: Early India |
| | Vedic Sanskrit, the language used in the Vedas* (sacred Hindu scriptures) and the earliest form of Sanskrit, flourished: see Aryans and the Vedic Age, Sanskrit Documents: Vedas. | | | The Aryan religion had blended with older indigeneous beliefs. | | | Jainism joins Buddhism and other reform religions to spur the reform and growth of Hinduism in the 6th century (see also Introduction to Hinduism). |
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http://web.cocc.edu/cagatucci/classes/hum210/tml/IndiaTML/indiatml1.htm
(4108 words)
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| | WWW Virtual Library: The roots of Sinhala |
| | We have the old Indo-Aryan stage largely represented by the Sanskrit speech introduced by the Aryan invaders of India around 2800-2500 B.C. Then we have the later Middle-Indo-Aryan or Prakritic stage, largely represented by Pali, the language of the Buddhist scriptures. | | | However, it is to Sanskrit, Pali and other modern-day Aryan speeches such as Hindi and Bengali, that Sinhala shows the closest resemblance. | | | Thus, Sanskrit and Pali forms may generally be taken as furnishing the early- or proto-types of modern Sinhala forms. |
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http://www.lankalibrary.com/books/sinhala5.htm
(1005 words)
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| | Evolution of the Sinhala language- virtual library-Sri Lanka |
| | We know from ancient Sinhalese inscriptions that the Sanskrit surya (sun) had become hir by the 9th century and hira by the end of the 12th century. | | | This in turn became the present day ira by the 15th century. | | | There also exist a number of other sound changes that characterize Sinhala and distinguish it from its North Indian sister languages. |
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http://members.tripod.com/~hettiarachchi/sinhala.html
(1260 words)
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| | Sanskrit Literature and Its Drawbacks. On the defects of Sanskrit literatture and language; the Non-Brahmin Resistance ... |
| | The reason for the greater influence of Sanskrit in Kerala is due to Aryan infiltration from the coast. | | | During Aryan invasions and subsequent Brahmin tyranny, the fraction of Sanskrit words rose to 25 % but by the mid-20th century these had completerly removed and Tamil had been fully purified of any Sanskrit corruptions. | | | According to them the Sanskrit language, at least in its classical form, had no direct relation with the popular dialects of these times. |
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http://www.dalitstan.org/books/a_sans/a_sans5.html
(2773 words)
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| | Dead Sanskrit was Always Dead. [ How Sanskrit was never spoken in India and was restricted to the Brahmins ] The ... |
| | Not only were a large number of Middle Indo-Ayan words adopted into Sanskrit, but a whole host of Prakrit root and verbal bases of both Aryan and non-Aryan or uncertain origin were slightly altered to look like Sanskrit and bodily adopted... | | | The lack of a standard liturgical language was a grave defect for the 6 orthodox (`astika') schools of Brahmanism (comprising Aryan Vaishnavism, Vedanta, Yoga, Vedism, etc.). | | | Jainism (`jainas'), Buddhism (`bauddhas'), etc. (collectively referred to as `Sramanism') associated with East Indic kingdoms, the Aryans of Aryavarta & Brahmavarta sought to counter this novel threat to Vedic orthodoxy by introducing a standard litugical language (perhaps in emulation of the Buddhist Pali and Jain Ardhamagadhi). |
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http://www.dalitstan.org/books/a_sans/a_sans1.html
(3156 words)
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| | INDIA JOURNEY - ONLINE INDIA - LANGUAGES OF INDIA |
| | With the Aryans came their language Sanskrit, a member of the large Indo-European family of languages. | | | Until now religion had meant worshiping the Aryan gods, like the Mother Goddess for instance, who was more dreaded than loved. | | | From the Punjab, where the Aryans settled first after they came from Central Asia, their speech spread along the east as far as present Bihar by about 600 BC. |
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http://www.indiajourney.com/indiaonline/indiaonline-language.htm
(11177 words)
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| | VWH Middle East |
| | Thus in the Mitanni kingdom Aryan gods were worshipped as well as Mesopotamian deities, which proves an Aryan Vedic element." In a famous tablet, we have the seal of Prince Suttarna, son of Kirta, King of Mittani in which two lions are defeated by a central single human- headed lion-in bird costume;mid second millennium BC. | | | Surya was also worshiped by the Vedic Aryan Kings of Babylon, the Kassites, by the name of Suryash. | | | Most probably, she could relate to the fiery Disk of Aton,-much like her native Aryan gods Mithra and Surya, rather than replace their worship with the exalted Amon, the tribal god of Thebes. |
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http://www.salagram.net/VWHMid-East.html
(16777 words)
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| | Asko Parpola 16: Text Only Version |
| | he star-calendar used by the Vedic ritualists was adopted by the Aryans in India, for there are no references to it in the Avesta or in the oldest books of the Rgveda. | | | This Dravidian homophony, linking vata 'Indian fig' and vata 'north', suggests an earlier Indian background also for the classification of trees found in Sanskrit texts which make the Indian fig the "tree of the northern direction". | | | his etymology also appears preferable to the current explanation, which derives vata 'Indian fig' from Middle Indo-Aryan (Prakrit vata Sanskrit vata 'covered, surrounded'), because the Aryan nomads did not bring this tree to the subcontinent, but encountered it first there. |
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http://www.harappa.com/script/parpola16.html
(5452 words)
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| | MSN Encarta - Search Results - Pali Language |
| | Pali Language, a Middle Indo-Aryan language, a direct descendant of Sanskrit, which, though long extinct, is still studied as the vehicle for the... | | | The Middle Indic Prakrits existed in many regional varieties, which eventually developed literatures of their own. |
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http://uk.encarta.msn.com/Pali_Language.html
(95 words)
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| | The Pali Companion - 010002 |
| | However, contemporary Sanskrit and Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit (used in Mahayana texts) are later developments during the Middle Indo-Aryan period. | | | Pali is one of the many vernacular dialects derived from Sanskrit called Prakrits. | | | The development of Indo-Aryan languages is generally divided into three stages as follows: Old Indo-Aryan (3rd century BC and before), Middle Indo-Aryan (from about 3rd century BC) and Modern Indo-Aryan (from about 10th century AD). |
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http://www.tipitaka.net/pali/companion/010002.htm
(132 words)
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| | featur12 |
| | Hussein refers to "Sanskrit" no one knows to what of the many Indo-Aryan languages he is referring. | | | Indo-Aryan stage represented by Sanskrit (C 2000- 800 B.C.) and the middle Indo-Aryan stage represented by Prakrit (C 800 B.C. - 400 A.D.)" Also he points out that words in the Sinhala language can be traced back to Sanskrit. | | | In the Sunday Observer of first July, 2001, states, among other things, " Sinhala language being an Aryan speech has undergone two significant phases before assuming its present form, viz. |
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http://www.lankaweb.com/news/items01/050801-4.html
(1078 words)
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| | UNE University Library Electronic Resources FAQ Aryan Invasion |
| | The Allchins' books discuss evidence that that the Aryans were not indigenous to the Indian sub-continent. | | | Argues against the traditional invasion hypothesis, but accepts that the Aryans came from outside India. | | | Homeland of Indo-European Languages and Culture: Some Thoughts Argues that there was no Indo-European invasion and that the Aryans were indigenous to India. |
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http://www.une.edu.au/library/faqs/hist142_aryan_invasion.htm
(749 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Middle Persian MS maitrAyaNi saMhitA (2-3 W) MT Mother Tongue Mund. | | | ---, The Dasas and the Coming of the Aryans. | | | IIJ 38, 1995, 207-238 Deshpande, M. and P.E. Hook (eds.), Aryan and Non-Aryan in India, Ann Arbor: Center for South and South-East Asian Studies, University of Michigan 1979 De Silva, M.W. Sugathapala, Vedda language of Ceylon; texts and lexicon. |
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http://users.primushost.com/~india/ejvs/ejvs0501/ejvs0501d.txt
(3261 words)
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| | LIN355 Home Page |
| | Weeks of February 24 and March 3: Historical Evolution of South Asian Languages: Part II Sanskrit and the Discovery of the Indo-European Language Family Sir William Jones Impact on South Asian history The language of the Gods: Vedic Sanskrit circa 1500 B.C. The Buddha's language: Pali around 500 B.C. The "refined" language: Classical Sanskrit (eg. | | | Kalidasa) The evolution of North Indian languages: Sanskrit, Middle Indo-Aryan, and Modern Indo-Aryan The Prakrits (Ardhamagadhi, Shauraseni, etc.) Modern Indo-Aryan languages: Assamese, Bengali, Gujarati, Hindi-Urdu, Kashmiri, Konkani, Nepali, Marathi, Oriya, Punjabi, Sindhi, etc. Readings: Madhav Deshpande, Karoma Ann Arbor: Publishers. | | | 100 BC The Old, Middle, and Modern languages Major Literary Languages: Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam Tulu, Gondi, and other non-literary languages Readings: Bh. |
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http://www.sinc.sunysb.edu/Class/lin355/sylabus.html
(777 words)
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| | ARH 382 - ID List 8 |
| | A Middle Indo-Aryan language which was the language of the Theravadan Buddhist canon. | | | A Middle Indo-Aryan language used by the Gandharans. | | | A middle Iranian language that became the major language for trade on the Silk Roads. |
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http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~arthist/jacobson/arh382/list08.htm
(476 words)
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| | Gandhara |
| | This alphabet also sets Gāndhārī apart as a unique set of dialects of the Middle Indo-Aryan period; Semitic scripts were not used to write Indian languages again until the arrival of Islam and subsequent adoption of the Persian-style Arabic alphabet for New Indo-Aryan languages like Urdu, Sindhi and Kashmiri. | | | Gandhāra (also Ghandara, Ghandahra) is the ancient name of a region in eastern Afghanistan and north-west Pakistan centered on the Swat River (see Udyana) and Kabul River, tributaries of the Indus River. | | | At the time of its adoption, Gandhāra was controlled by the Achaemenid dynasty of the Persian empire, which used a similar script to write the related Iranian languages of the Empire. |
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http://www.worldhistory.com/wiki/G/Gandhara.htm
(818 words)
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| | Literary and Linguistic Computing |
| | Middle Indo-Aryan as well as in classical Sanskrit are classified into the following three groups according to the peculiarities of the metrical schemes: Akaracchandas, Mtrchandas and Gaacchandas. | | | One could of course extend the study of periodicity by looking for regularities in the appearance of other features of literary style, opening up the (highly speculative) possibility that something like an author's 'characteristic spectrum' might emerge. | | | Automatic Analysis of the Canon in Middle Indo-Aryan by Personal Computer II |
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http://www.h-net.msu.edu/~clc/dissthrd/dt-litcomp.html
(1103 words)
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| | Bangla (Bengali) |
| | The direct ancestor of Bangla is a form of Prakrit or Middle Indo-Aryan which, in turn, descended from Sanskrit. | | | There are also large Bengali-speaking communities in Assam (an Indian state neighboring West Bengal and Bangladesh), and in expatriate communities in the Middle East, Europe, the U.S., and Canada. | | | Click here to listen to some common words and phrases in Bangla. |
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http://www.nvtc.gov/lotw/months/february/bengali.html
(356 words)
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| | KASHMIR OBSERVER ONLINE [ KO COLUMNIST] |
| | Some of the words that can be used as evidence to support the argument that Kashmiri is related to Indo-Aryan are: Old Indo-Aryan. | | | He further claims that Dards were not an “Aryan” race but they were the original inhabitants of this area while Aryans came later. | | | In this context, tracing the exact origin of the people of Kashmir and their language could be a fruitless exercise. |
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http://www.kashmirobserver.com/opinion5.htm
(1995 words)
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| | Books at Memorial |
| | The languages in question are those of medieval India -- "You could say 'Middle Indic' rather than 'Indo-Aryan,'" Dr. | | | While working in India, Dr. Bubenik became aware that there was no existing systematic treatment of the languages of medieval India. | | | Rather, Dr. Vit Bubenik of Memorial's Department of Linguistics wrote the book to help linguistics scholars in India analyze their extinct languages. |
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http://www.mun.ca/univrel/gazette/1997-98/Sept.4/special/s01-midl.htm
(232 words)
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| | Indo-European Language Family |
| | In addition another branch, Nuristani (the Kafir languages) is preserved in pockets of the Himalayan Mountains. | | | The Indo-Iranian group is also called "Aryan" because their ancient literature referred to them as "Aryan". | | | Over the millennia and centuries the term "Aryan" has undergone many changes so that it is often ambiguous today. |
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http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie-lg/Indo-Iranian.html
(261 words)
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| | Bangla Language and Script |
| | But there are also some written documents like Donha of Tantric Buddhists, Nathists, Saivaties or Jainas which can be traced as a transitional phase form MIA to NIA which is mentioned as Avahattha (avahattha) or Proto New Indo Aryan. | | | The inadequacy of written documents of immediate Pre-Bengali period is one of the most important limi-tations to find out the gradual change from Apabhramsa, Avahattha to the historic period of Bengali (16th century AD). | | | Bengali belongs to the NIA which was broadly derived from MIA. |
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http://www.isical.ac.in/~rc_bangla/bangla.html
(1289 words)
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| | IPSASvolumes.htm |
| | Salomon, On drawing socio-linguistic distinctions in Old Indo-Aryan: the question of Kshatriya Sanskrit and related problems | | | Comprehensive references to comparable features and phenomena from other Middle Indic languages mean that this grammar can also be used to study the literature of Jainism. | | | The aim of the papers, thus, is to outline avenues to a solution of the problem, rather than to grope for the solutions themselves. |
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http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~witzel/volumes.htm
(653 words)
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| | Middle Indo-Aryan - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | (The term "prakrit" is sometimes used in a general sense to refer to all Middle Indo-Aryan dialects.) The late stage is represented by the Apabhramsa dialects of the sixth century AD and later. | | | This page was last modified 07:22, 2 August 2005. | | | The middle stage is represented by the various literary Prakrits, such as Maharashtri. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Indo-Aryan
(131 words)
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| | Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Peoples and Languages of Nuristân |
| | Around the middle of the fourth millennium B.C., some 800 years after the first Indo-European peoples expanded out of their Volga Basin homeland into Europe, new waves of horse-mounted tribesmen who called themselves Aryas expanded south and east around the Caspian Sea from the Volga Basin, driving other Indo-European speaking peoples before them. | | | The Kom left Râmgal and settled between the people of SaNu and Ktivi. | | | Those Aryas who spread south into the region between the Caspian and Black Seas bumped up against the Caucasus Range, which for some fifteen hundred years served as their southern border. |
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http://users.sedona.net/~strand/Nuristani/nuristanis.html
(3223 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | I show that given the evidence of Sanskrit [h] + sonorant clusters, an analysis that operates with segmental [h] (rather than with aspiration) provides a better explanation for the Middle Indo-Aryan situation. | | | Palaschke and Dressler focus on sibilant + stop clusters and propose a two-step process: [1] s --> h (a "natural process"), which might result in pre-aspirated stops; [2] These are realized instead by a universal naturalness scale according to which 'Postaspirated consonants are more likely to be expected than preaspirated ones.' Hence e.g. | | | Middle Indo-Aryan h/aspirate clusters revisited Historical phonology/Pali/Prakrit The issue of the fate of Sanskrit clusters with sibilant + stop (whether oral or nasal) and with [h] + sonorant has recently been revived in a paper by Palaschke and Dressler (1999). |
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http://ccwf.cc.utexas.edu/~sala23/abstracts/A2.txt
(361 words)
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| | Breunis (1990) The nominal sentence in Sanskrit and Middle Indo-Aryan |
| | Breunis (1990) The nominal sentence in Sanskrit and Middle Indo-Aryan | | | The nominal sentence in Sanskrit and Middle Indo-Aryan | | | To view the the latter's ratings, click on Chapters/Papers/Articles in the STATISTICS box, select a publication from the list that appears, and then click on either Quality or Interest in that publication's STATISTICS box. |
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http://www.getcited.org/?PUB=102811826&showStat=Ratings
(83 words)
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| | [No title] |
| | Based on Dr. Vit Bubenik's research in the area of Indo-Aryan linguistics (Medieval period) over the past 10 years, this monograph aims to close the gap in the knowledge of the nature and pace of grammatical change during the formative period of today's Indo-European language. | | | Data gathering for the present volume took several years. | | | The book was printed by John Benjamins Publishing Company in Amsterdam. |
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http://www.mun.ca/univrel/gazette/1998-99/Jan.7/books/b02-hist.htm
(253 words)
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| | Mind Your Language |
| | The Middle Indo-Aryan Prakrits existed in many regional varieties, which eventually developed literatures of their own. |
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http://www.useless-knowledge.com/articles/apr/june157.html
(1449 words)
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| | Richard Strand's Nuristân Site: Indo-Aryan-Speaking Peoples of the Hindu Kush |
| | As the region desiccated, these Indo-Âryas spread east, via Fârs and Seistân into Baluchistân and Sindh toward the south and into Margiana and Bactria toward the north (Sarianidi 1999). | | | Beyond some general changes of the Middle Indo-Âryan period, no single linguistic feature has united these regional dialects into a common group; and they have remained beyond many of the later linguistic innovations that radiated out of the Indian Midlands toward the northwest (see note 1). | | | History: Recent and current archaeological research substantiates that around the beginning of the 2nd millennium B.C. equestrian tribesmen bearing the Indo-Âryan branch of the early Âryan culture spread south over the Caucasus from their homeland between the Black and Caspian Seas, to engulf much of the Middle East from Syria to the Iranian Plateau. |
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http://users.sedona.net/~strand/IndoAryan/IndoAryas.html
(1896 words)
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| | Ergativity in Indo-Aryan |
| | The highly inflected case system of Sanskrit underwent a general collapse over the ages and the case endings eroded and fell together. | | | This study looks at syntactic and morphological data from Old Indo-Aryan, Middle Indo-Aryan and Marathi, one of the modern Indo-Aryan languages. | | | A Comparative Grammar of the Modern Aryan Languages of India. |
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http://ling.uni-konstanz.de/pages/home/butt/ia-erg.html
(3278 words)
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| | LINGUIST List 10.718: Languages in Contact |
| | 510 pp.; [This book provides a corpus-based description of sentential complementation in three periods of Irish (Old, Middle, and Early Modern) with a classification of the complement taking predicates. | | | An analysis of the historical developments which led to the expansion of the non-finite construction types is also included. | | | Bubeník, Vít., A Historical Syntax of Late Middle Indo-Aryan (Aprabhramsa). |
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http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/~haroldfs/bibliogs/contact.htm
(2634 words)
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| | Abbreviations: Linguistic categories |
| | Kharos.t.hi_ inscriptions; Middle Indo-aryan forms occurring in Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Vol. |
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http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/dictionary/0000ABB1.HTM
(84 words)
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| | Urdu |
| | a) Development of Indo-Aryan (i) Old Indo-Aryan (ii) Middle Indo Aryan (iii) New Indo Aryan |
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http://www.upsc.gov.in/exams/notifications/csp2005/syll-main/csma-urdu.htm
(157 words)
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| | Languages of the World |
| | Transition from Middle English to Early Modern English. | | | LATIN AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE ROMANCE LANGUAGES |
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http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/faculty/stampe/Linguistics/lgsworld.html
(1332 words)
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