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| | Epistemology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | Although being a justified, true belief is necessary for a statement to count as knowledge, it is not sufficient. | | | Mysticism is the use of non-rational methods to arrive at beliefs and accepting such beliefs as knowledge. | | | While there is general consensus that truth and belief are two necessary facets of knowledge, there is a debate about what needs to be added to the true beliefs to make them knowledge, and a debate about whether justification is necessary in the definition at all. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemology
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| | Gettier problem - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | On their account, knowledge is undefeated justified true belief -- which is to say that a justified true belief counts as knowledge if and only if it is also the case that there is no further truth which, had the subject known it, would have defeated her present justification for the belief. | | | So his belief that "the man who will get the job has 10 coins in his pocket" was justified and true. | | | Once again, Smith has a justified true belief that does not seem to be knowledge, yet this time it is more debatable whether he used any false premises in his reasoning. |
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http://www.marylandheights.us/project/wikipedia/index.php/Gettier_problem
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| | Belief and Knowledge |
| | Thus, for a belief to be knowledge, it must be the case that the belief is, in fact, true, and the believer must have justification for the belief. | | | A belief that is true but for which we have no evidence cannot be described as knowledge. | | | Knowledge has been frequently described as ``justified true belief," a belief held by an individual that is both true and for which they have some justification. |
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http://ils.unc.edu/~losee/b5/node9.html
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| | Gettier Problems [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy] |
| | Hence, JTB is false if there is even one actual or possible Gettier situation (in which some justified true belief fails to be knowledge). | | | This alternative interpretation concedes (in accord with the usual interpretation) that, in forming his belief b, Smith is lucky to be gaining a belief which is true. | | | That is, belief b was in fact made true by circumstances (namely, Smith’s getting the job and there being ten coins in his pocket) other than those which Smith’s evidence noticed and which his evidence indicated as being a good enough reason for holding b to be true. |
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http://www.iep.utm.edu/g/gettier.htm
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| | DEFEASIBILITY AND CAUSALITY |
| | For him, if a perceptual belief is true and is generated in an appropriate manner, then it is an instance of knowledge. | | | For Gettier, belief might be justified and true, but had things changed a little bit, the knower would hold on to a false belief. | | | In the Justification, Truth and Belief (JTB) analysis of knowledge, it was required that the someone (S) has evidence for his beliefs i.e. |
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http://www.uz.ac.zw/arts/relclassphil/chimuka/10400304.htm
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| | Goldman, "What Is Justified Belief?" |
| | Say that a belief B of S's is "undermined" iff S believes (or "ought" to be using a process that would generate a belief) that belief B was formed in an unreliable way. | | | All beliefs produced by conditionally reliable processes that received beliefs as input which were themselves justified are justified. | | | All beliefs produced by conditionally reliable processes that received beliefs as input which were themselves justified are justified, unless they're undermined. |
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http://www.princeton.edu/~jimpryor/courses/epist/notes/goldman2.html
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| | The Analysis of Knowledge |
| | However, whereas your beliefs in the normal world are by and large true, by far most of your beliefs in the evil demon world are false and thus unreliably produced. | | | Internalists conceive of a justified belief as a belief that, relative to the subject's evidence or reasons, is likely to be true. | | | Those who think that belief is necessary for knowledge could reply that the example does not qualify as a case of knowledge without belief because it isn't a case of knowledge to begin with. |
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http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/knowledge-analysis
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| | The Gettier Problem |
| | True belief is not sufficient for knowledge; since a belief can be true by accident or lucky guesswork, and knowledge cannot be a matter of luck or accident. | | | But Gettier argues that fallibly justified true belief is not sufficient for knowledge. | | | Goal: Show that fallible justified true belief is not sufficient for knowledge. |
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http://www.siue.edu/~wlarkin/teaching/PHIL310/gettier.html
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| | Phl 327 Lecture #4 |
| | Naturalism could be true, and we could have rational beliefs, so long as we didn't believe naturalism to be true. | | | Knowledge is clearly different from mere true belief of opinion. | | | An undercutting defeater of belief B is a piece of evidence that raises reasonable doubts about whether B was caused in a reliable, knowledge-conferring way. |
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http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/philosophy/faculty/koons/phl327/lec04.html
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| | New Page 1 |
| | Smith has a justified true belief (proposition (h) is a justified true belief) that is not an instance of knowledge. | | | The upshot of these examples is that the traditional account of knowledge does not give the sufficient condition for knowledge (one can have a justified true belief and still fail to have knowledge). | | | This refutation of the justified true belief model of knowledge seems decisive. |
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http://wsuonline.weber.edu/course.philo.1010/Lecture10.htm
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| | as days pass by » Justified true belief |
| | Thus, JTB becomes simply Justified Belief, where the justification is, as I mentioned in the previous post, sufficiently strong for believing it to be true. | | | In the strong sense of the word, however, he cannot be justified in his belief unless he confirmed that the books he was looking at actually belonged to the professor he was talking to. | | | So although I am justified and correct in believing that he has got married without inviting me, Gettier would argue, I cannot be said at that moment to have knowledge of that as my assumption as to what I am seeing is incorrect. |
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http://www.kryogenix.org/days/justified
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| | Philosophy, et cetera: Gettier cases via Skepticism |
| | Perhaps we would have to reformulate JTB as follows: Knowledge is a contextually justified true belief. | | | But we find the belief to be both justified and true, and yet not knowledge. | | | He sees a cowshed, and so (justifiably enough) forms the belief "there is a cowshed". |
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http://pixnaps.blogspot.com/2004/12/gettier-cases-via-skepticism.html
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| | Hauptli's Supplement on Gettier's "Is JTB Knowledge?" |
| | The traditional analysis1 is that knowledge is justified true belief [JTB]. | | | A belief can be rational even though what prompts the believer to choose his belief or what cognitive equipment causes him to have the belief regularly produces epistemic howlers. | | | Then S does not know that the ball is red despite his having a justified true belief to that effect....These examples...indicate that justified true belief can fail to be knowledge because of the truth values of propositions that do not play a direct role in the reasoning underlying the belief. |
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http://www.fiu.edu/~hauptli/Gettier'sIsJTBKnowledge.html
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| | Fake Barn Country: What's the Problem? |
| | For instance, if all of the value of knowledge comes from the value of having a subjectively-justified true belief, then it would be irrational for us to prefer having knowledge to having subjectively-justified true belief, all else being equal of course. | | | Since it's valuable to have justified beliefs, it follows that knowledge is more valuable than true belief. | | | Moreover, Kvanvig himself recognizes that there are important epistemic properties other than truth that a belief can have (“subjective justification” and "intellectual virtuosity"), whose value is not swamped by the value of true belief, and which are arguably necessary conditions for knowledge. |
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http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Philosophy/Blog/Archives/004573.html
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| | Edmund Gettier: “Is Justified True Belief Knowledge |
| | Why not sufficient (with belief): I can be justified in holding a belief without it being true. | | | Pragmatic: truth of a belief is dependent on how useful that belief is in reaching certain goals. | | | Why not sufficient (along with belief): you can believe something true without knowing it. |
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http://spruce.flint.umich.edu/~simoncu/380/gettier.htm
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| | The Gettier Problem |
| | These cases are counter-examples to the claim that justified true belief is sufficient for knowledge. | | | We'll say that you know that P iff you have a justified true belief that P, and there's no true information "out there" in the world that would defeat your justification for P, were you to learn of it--unless there's also some second piece of information that would counteract that defeater. | | | Here again you have a justified true belief that there is a sheep in the meadow, which fails to count as knowledge. |
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http://www.princeton.edu/~jimpryor/courses/epist/notes/gettier.html
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| | Justified True Belief |
| | Lack of truth also disqualifies knowledge: the pre-Copernican belief (amply justified at the time) that heavenly bodies moved around a stationary Earth is false, and is thus not knowledge, even if educated persons of the day operated under the misapprehension that it was. | | | First, belief: you do not know something unless you also hold it as true in your mind; if you do not believe it, then you do not know it. | | | More significantly, perhaps, one could argue that JTB is not actually an entirely sufficient account of knowledge; that situations arise in which a justified true belief is not knowledge. |
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http://www.nutters.org/log/jtb
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| | Think1st: A Progressive Christian Blog |
| | In other words, if I believe something, that belief is true, and I have some justification for believing it, then I have knowledge. | | | Therefore, Smith believes #3, is justified in doing so, and his belief is true. | | | Yet at the end of it you had a justified true belief. |
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http://think1st.blogspot.com
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| | Knowledge as Justified True Belief |
| | On the view of knowledge as justified true belief, (a), (b) and (c) are individually necessary and jointly sufficient for x to know that p. | | | (c) x is justified in believing that p. |
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http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~phil100b/Meno(tr6-KnowledgeasJustifiedTrueBelief.html
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| | Reading Questions - Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? |
| | Edmund L. Gettier - Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? | | | Reading Questions - Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? | | | Why do you think Gettier believes that Smith does not know proposition (h) Either Jones owns a Ford, or Brown is in Barcelona.? |
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http://www.ocf.berkeley.edu/~brianwc/courses/reading/gettier.html
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| | Is Justified True Belief Knowledge? |
| | S is justified in believing that P. For example, Chisholm has held that the following gives the necessary and sufficient conditions for knowledge: | | | And, also, unknown to Smith, he himself has ten coins in his pocket. | | | S is sure that P is true, and |
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http://www.ditext.com/gettier/gettier.html
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