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| | Ataturk’s reforms - All About Turkey |
 | | Following the reform of the script, which was meant to be a kind of nationalism in the cultural field, Atatürk concentrated his attention on history. | | | Atatürk introduced reforms which he considered of vital importance for the salvation and survival of his people between 1924-1938. | | | As for religious publications, they were not touched much by these reforms and continued to use an idiom that was heavily Arabic or Persian in vocabulary and Persian in syntax. |
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http://www.allaboutturkey.com/reform.htm
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| | Hamilton: "A Liturgy of Reform" |
| | The Gregorian reforms attempted to extend the monastic reforms of the tenth century to the secular clergy and laity in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. | | | 56 By choosing the genre of liturgical commentary as a mechanism to present his reform Bruno testifies both to the vitality of the liturgy within the communal life of the twelfth-century Church and the intense conversion of heart at the center of the Gregorian reforms. | | | Finally, it is fitting that Bruno would choose to express his vision in a liturgical commentary as the success of the entire reform movement seemed to hinge on proper liturgical practice: the investiture of bishops. |
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http://etext.virginia.edu/journals/EH/EH38/Hamilton.html
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| | The Calendar Explained |
| | In order to explain the shortcomings of the Julian calendar and why the Gregorian reforms were required it is first necessary to understand the relationship between the day and the year. | | | "Gregorian" in this context is therefore not the same as in Gregorian Chant, the name given to the plainchant of the Roman church after the reforms of Pope Gregory I (590-604). | | | In England until the introduction of the Gregorian Calendar the new year began on March 25th - the Feast of the Annunciation and a quarter day. |
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http://www.newrenaissance.co.uk/libris/calendar/calendar.htm
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| | The Musical Reforms of Martin Luther |
| | The true greatness of the Protestant Reformation may lie less in what was actually done at the time the Reformation began, since it was essentially a laying of the cornerstone of Protestant faith, than in the much greater work that it made possible in successive centuries. | | | Luther's preaching of "justification by faith," the theology of forgiveness of the individual, became the central emphasis of all his reforms. | | | This was the practice of having three separate reciting tones: one for the Evangelist (the note A), one for Christ (the note F), and one for all other persons (the note C). |
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http://www.carolinaclassical.com/articles/luther.html
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| | The Gregorian Calendar—History |
| | The Gregorian calendar year differs from the solar year by only 26 seconds—accurate enough for most mortals, since this only adds up to one day's difference every 3,323 years. | | | The semilunar Hebrew calendar, consisting of twelve 29- and 30-day months, adds an intercalary month seven times every 19 years (which explains the sometimes confusing drift of Passover—and consequently Easter— through April and March). | | | And currently many Orthodox churches still follow the Julian calendar, which now lags 13 days behind the Gregorian. |
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http://www.infoplease.com/spot/gregorian1.html
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| | Time board of the calendar evolution |
| | The king Lucius Tarquinius Priscus reforms the Numanian calendar and introduces the calendar of the Roman republic. | | | Re-establishment of the Gregorian calendar in Romania (Greek orthodoxer part and in Russia (eastern part). | | | Ahas, king of Juda, lets a obelisken build as sun-dial. |
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http://www.kalendersysteme.de/english/calendar/systems/content.html
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| | The Julian and Gregorian Calendars |
| | The Gregorian Calendar is the calendar which is currently in use in all Western and Westernized countries, and Dionysius Exiguus's system of numbering years A.D. has endured to the present time. | | | In his excellent book Marking Time Duncan Steel remarks (p.165) that it is often claimed that part of the Gregorian reform consisted in setting the first day of the year (New Year's Day) to January 1st, but that in fact the papal bull made no reference to the date of New Year's Day. | | | However, in terms of the vernal equinox year the Gregorian Calendar is more accurate than the Orthodox and will remain more accurate in the coming millennia. |
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http://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/cal_art.html
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| | [No title] |
| | Up to the time William was seven years old, his father was a principal participant in the controversial founding of Third (South) Church of Boston, a church advocating ecclesiastic reforms suited to the fast-growing colony. | | | In the end, the new church became one of the leading churches of New England and the most visible extension of Brattle's ecclesiastical influence. | | | The two men devoted the rest of their lives to the college, church, and community. |
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http://www.pragmatism.org/american/brattle_william.htm
(1167 words)
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| | Home Page for Calendar Reform |
| | Emperor Constantine then reformed the calendar in the 4th century, by introducing the seven-day week, probably modeled on the Christian sabbatical cycle. | | | At that time, 11 days had to be excised in order to bring the British calendar into sync with the rest of Europe. | | | The Eastern Orthodox Churches continued observing the Julian Calendar until 1923, at which time some, but not all, skipped the first 13 days in October, and introduced a "Revised Julian Calendar" with a unique variation on the leap-year rule. |
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http://personal.ecu.edu/mccartyr/calendar-reform.html
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| | History of new year and the Date |
| | The Gregorian reforms also canceled ten days from October; Thursday, October 4, 1582, was followed by Friday, October 15, 1582. | | | This calendar did not witness significant reforms till 1582, when Pope Gregory XII incorporated our present method of calculation and dividing the year. | | | It was the Pope who reinstituted the practice of observing New Year's Day on January 1, regardless of the pre-Christian associations with that date. |
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http://www.theholidayspot.com/newyear/history.htm
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| | Liturgica.com Liturgics Western Latin Liturgics Gregorian Reforms |
| | Sacramentaries directly influenced by Gregorian reforms are referred to as Sacrementaria Gregoriana. | | | Although the only surviving copy of the Old Gelasian was written about fifty years after the leadership of Gregory I, most of its contents reflect a practice before his reforms. | | | The Kyrie litany was stripped of its invocations, so that only the responses "Kyrie eleison" and "Christe eleison" remained, perhaps in order to shorten the time required for the introductory rites. |
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http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLReform.jsp?hostname=liturgica
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| | Lex Scripta |
| | Perhaps the most strident opponents of the reform were those who felt it was a sacrilege to change the dates of religious feasts and celebrations. | | | It was widely contended, in non-Catholic Europe, that the Pope's calendrical reforms were an attempt by Gregory XIII - "with the mind of a serpent and the cunning of a wolf" - to reimpose papal authority throughout Christendom. | | | On the other hand, there were those who contended for a reform similar to the Gregorian Calendar, but argued that Clavius had miscalculated, and suggested an 11-day correction rather than the Gregorian 10-day correction. |
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http://www.lexscripta.com/articles/calendar.html
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| | Historically Speaking - March 2004 |
| | Scholars of the European Reformation have challenged the decadent image of late medieval Christianity, the ability of the reformers in all major churches to distance themselves from earlier patterns of belief, and the success of the reformers in indoctrinating their followers. | | | Furthermore, the challenge to clerical spiritual power embedded in Luther’s claim that all believers were “priests” gave lay officials the spiritual authority to reform their regional churches and empowered the common folk to personalize their faith. | | | In preaching God’s word, the reformers aimed to root out the barely Christianized and superstitious practices of folk religions and pour the foundation for modern individualized and rational faith. |
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http://www.bu.edu/historic/hs/novemberdecember04.html
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| | The birth of Heloise |
| | The end of the 11th century saw a great reform movement in the church, called the Gregorian Reforms after Pope Gregory VII (1073-85) but continuing long after his death. | | | Obviously the date when reform began in any particular diocese depended on a number of factors, but in 1105 Galo of Beauvais was elected Bishop of Paris. | | | Heloise could therefore either have gone with her mother to Argenteuil in 1107, or, since it is clear that it took Bishop Galo over a year to effect the eviction of these nuns, Hersint might well have arranged for her daughter to be sent to Argenteuil. |
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http://www.abaelard.de/abaelard/070102newlight.htm
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| | Ithilien |
| | Nonetheless, the positive message of the Reformation in this regard was that all baptized Christians are fully members of the Church, and whatever relationship to civil society is possessed by baptized laity is also the lot of the clergy. | | | The Protestant Reformation undid much of the work of the Gregorian Reforms and placed the Church squarely under the authority of the state--at least in Anglicanism and Lutheranism. | | | To me, the profound insight of the Reformation (with regard to soteriology) was that living faith is a single and simple act. |
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http://stewedrabbit.blogspot.com
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| | Christian Resources |
| | As an institution it was a much later development in Church history, beginning with the Gregorian reforms of pope Gregory VII in the 11th century and was restricted completely to the West. | | | The Eastern Chruch never accepted the false claims of the Roman Church and refused to submit to its insistence that the Bishop of Rome was supreme ruler of the Church. | | | These decretal epistles had undisputed authority for some seven hundred years, that is to say, down to the time of the Reformation. |
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http://www.christiantruth.com/forgeries.html
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| | Early Reformers |
| | Based his reforms on an appeal to truth: “Jesus said ‘I am the truth,’ not ‘I am the custom.’” He thereby established the principle that tradition can be questioned. | | | A Domincan friar and the prior of the monastery of St. Mark’s in Florence, where he won the respect of the Florentine people by reforming the life of the monastic community and by preaching against the evils of the day. | | | He was offered safe passages to defend himself at the Council of Constance, which he believed to offer great promise for reformation. |
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http://pages.slu.edu/staff/patterpa/Reformers.html
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| | Encyclopedia: The Cluniac Movement |
| | This program to “monasticize” the whole Church would become the great passion of the Gregorian reformers, who would effect what must be described not merely as a “reform” of the Church, but as a thoroughgoing “revolution” of it—a change centering upon the Roman See that would reverberate through the centuries. | | | Respectively, “liberum ab omni dominatu” and “habeant liberum facultatem sine cuiuslibet principis consultu”, cited in H.E.J. Cowdrey, The Cluniacs and the Gregorian Reform (Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1970), pg. | | | The eleventh century was a century permeated by the influence of monasteries and monastic reformers. |
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http://www.societaschristiana.com/Encyclopedia/C/CluniacMovement.html
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| | Introduction, Celebacy |
| | While the Protestant Reformation is usually presented as a struggle over the primacy of scripture, justification by faith, the sale of indulgences, and so forth, we feel that it would be wrong to come away with the impression that this was a struggle between greedy, power-hungry popes and pure minded, humble reformers. | | | We see a great significance in this event because it positions the Church as a political power on the continent and prepared for what have come to be known as the 'Gregorian Reforms' of the eleventh and twelfth centuries. | | | We believe that monastic power, with its ascetical approach to sexual pleasure, must be considered in concert with political and economic power as a dynamic force that brought the Church to make celibacy MANDATORY for all its ordained. |
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http://www.ejhs.org/volume2/walsh/walsh1.htm
(5059 words)
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| | News about Gregorian |
| | Muslims rejoice on the birthday of the prophet. | | | said he expected a thorough housecleaning not unlike the Gregorian reforms of the church begun under Pope Gregory VII... | | | We are going to see the real Joseph Ratzinger,' said the Reverend John Navone, who teaches at the Pontifical Gregorian University. |
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http://www.sortmusic.com/_g/gregorian-news,nen,m200504,i33,f40,len.html
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| | GLOBAL DIALOGUE INSTITUTE -- GDI |
| | This questioning manifested itself visibly in the so-called left-wing of the sixteenth-century Reformation: the Anabaptists and related sects clearly and vigorously rejected the idea of the union of church and state, for which, of course, there were viciously persecuted by Catholics and mainline Protestants. | | | One very fundamental reason was that -- starting with the Gregorian Reforms, through the Renaissance, the Reformation and on into the Enlightenment and beyond -- religion and the state slowly and very painfully began to be separated. | | | Some might trace its beginnings to the Gregorian Reforms when Pope Gregory VII (1021-1085 A.D.) attempted dramatically and substantially to separate the Church from the power of the Holy Roman Empire and other civil powers. |
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http://astro.temple.edu/~dialogue/swdbs_an.htm
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| | Toke Nørby. The Perpetual Calendar |
| | In the Gregorian Calendar there is then 303 years with 365 days and 97 years with 366 days, which gives a mean year of 365.24250 days: 365 days, 5 hours, 49 minutes and 12 seconds. | | | What is important to postal historians is if the change took place in a period where it is possible to see different datings of material sent from one country to another where the two countries have different calendars. | | | That means that in Slovenia and Croatia Gregorian calendar was in force at the moment they have joined with Serbia. |
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http://www.norbyhus.dk/calendar.html
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| | The Gregorian calendar (from calendar) -- Encyclopædia Britannica |
| | It was proclaimed in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII as a reform of the Julian calendar. | | | Summarizes the astronomical bases and the history of calendars and then focuses on the Gregorian, Hebrew, Islamic, Indian, Chinese, and Julian calendars. | | | The Western calendar and calendar reforms > The Gregorian calendar |
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http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-59348
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| | Liturgica.com Liturgics Western Latin Liturgics Chant Development Gregorian Chant |
| | A superb introduction to the broad subject of liturgical Western chant by an important scholar. | | | In fact, this debasement had been going on already during the 15th and 16th centuries, as printed Graduals of the time demonstrate. | | | As early as 1811 it was suggested that the chants known from medieval manuscripts be used for sung liturgy, rather than the debased editions that had formed the Roman use since the fifteenth century. |
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http://www.liturgica.com/html/litWLMusDev7.jsp?hostname=liturgica
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| | Early Christian Liturgics |
| | It has been said that one of the most distinctive characteristics of the Orthodox Church is "its determination to remain loyal to the past, its sense of living continuity with the church of ancient times "[1]. | | | (This was also true of the Western Roman Church until the past century when the reforms of Vatican II significantly altered the liturgical form of the Roman mass). |
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http://www.holytrinitymission.org/books/english/early_christian_liturgics.htm
(18704 words)
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| | ABC 2000 - About 2000 - Is 2000 a Leap year? |
| | That means the Gregorian Calendar drifts out of sync with the true solar year by one day in about 2,500 years. | | | The Eastern Orthodox churches never accepted it and stuck with the old Julian system. | | | One of the far-sighted Gregorian calendar reforms in 1583 was the addition of the "century rule" to the leap years. |
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http://www.abc.net.au/2000/mill/leapyear.htm
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| | [No title] |
| | It happened very satisfactorily after the year 1000, when Europe "put on a white robe of churches;" when the Gregorian reforms brought new life and vigor to the Church, and the brilliant flowering of monastic spirituality and learning made the 11th and 12th centuries a galaxy of saints. | | | The 16th century, too--though it did indeed see sad disruption--also saw the glorious counter-reformation, great reforms led by more saintly popes, and the blossoming of the new religious orders and congregations bringing a new spirituality into the lives of the laity. | | | You wait: once the new century gets under way people will cheer up enormously and get back to the business of living real life and trying to put god's commandments into practice on this earth instead of giving up on humanity altogether and waiting smugly for the end! |
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http://www.catholic.net/RCC/Periodicals/Igpress/CWR/CWR0896/books.html
(2520 words)
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| | Papal Authority within the Church |
| | The Gregorian reformers often used the decretals of past popes to justify their claims.. | | | To the reforming popes, “reforming the church also meant strengthening the papacy.” (130), the only way they believed reform of the whole church could be achieved | | | The latter was evident not only in dispensations, or in the exemptions of monasteries, bishoprics, or churches, but also in the establishing, dividing or merging of bishoprics or ecclesiastical provinces.” (149) |
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http://faculty.cua.edu/pennington/Medieval%20Papacy/HoerlPaperOne.html
(1020 words)
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| | William II of England - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Anselm was a stronger supporter of the Gregorian reforms in the Church than Lanfranc had been. | | | Finally, in a time of panic during William's serious illness in 1093 another Norman-Italian was made Archbishop of Canterbury, Anselm of Bec, the greatest theologian of his generation, and this led to a long period of animosity between church and state. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_II_of_England
(2400 words)
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| | Cluny |
| | Cluny was not known for its severity or asceticism, nor for embracing apostolic poverty, but the abbots of Cluny supported the revival of the papacy and the reforms of Pope Gregory VII that led to unprecedented papal authority. | | | Cluny reached its last days of power and influence under Peter, as its monks became bishops, legates, and cardinals throughout France and the Holy Roman Empire. | | | Odilo, the fifth abbot (died 1049), was a third great leader, who continued the work of reforming other monasteries, but he also encouraged tighter control of the far-flung priories by the the Abbot of Cluny. |
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http://www.apawn.com/search.php?title=Cluny
(1385 words)
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| | Courses - Theology |
| | Christianization of Europe during the Middle Ages (500-1500) conversionof the Barbarians, the cult of the saints, Monasticism, the sacraments, popular religion, the crusades Heresy and Church Reform. | | | Integration of Islamic philosophy, religion, political science and history; the state in pre-Islamic Arabia, the Qur'anic concept of the state, the crisis of succession, Muslim theorists, revival and reform. | | | Major theological themes in classic texts of Christian History from the early church to Reformation; status and interpretation of biblical literature, grace and freedom, faith and reason, Christ and culture; texts from Augustine, Aquinas, Luther and others. |
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http://www.artsci.villanova.edu/courses/theology.html
(2774 words)
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| | The Millenium Controversy |
| | Astronomers have needed to do calculations extending before the birth of Christ for years, and so they were the first to feel the effects of not having a year zero. | | | In the interim travelers had the bizarre situation that a short trip from Protestant Augsburg to Catholic Regensburg in Germany required them to adjust their calendars by 10 days. | | | The reformed (Julian) calendar was good but still not perfect and by the 1500's the accumulated errors added up to 10 days. |
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http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/PSEUDOSC/y2000rt.HTM
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| | BrothersJudd Blog: BATTLING FOR HEARTS AND HEADS: |
| | Those reforms led to the end of both the married clergy and the buying and selling of spiritual favors like indulgences. | | | Cardinal Ratzinger had spoken and written forcefully about his sense of the threats to the church, both internal and external. | | | Sandro Magister, a Vatican expert at the Italian magazine L'Espresso, said he expected a thorough housecleaning not unlike the Gregorian reforms of the church begun under Pope Gregory VII, who ruled from 1073 to 1085. |
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http://www.brothersjudd.com/blog/archives/022877.html
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| | Margaret Pappano - Erasmus Institute - University of Notre Dame |
| | This study examines the massive cultural mechanisms that were deployed in the late Middle Ages to "disembody" the priest, that is, to radically spiritualize his fleshly presence. | | | Following the Gregorian reforms and widespread institution and enforcement of clerical celibacy as well as the related explosion in Eucharistic theology and practices, notions of the priest's body underwent a profound shift in western Europe; henceforth, his body had to be perceived as different and pure, as something of a non-body even. |
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http://www.nd.edu/~erasmus/fellows_research/2pappano_projects.html
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| | FT November 2004: Books in Review |
| | On this matter of structural reforms in the Roman Church Clément makes several suggestions. | | | Clément, for his part, issues a sober call for reform of both Roman and Orthodox ecclesiology. | | | Vatican I, however, had deep roots, going back as far as the Gregorian reforms of the eleventh century. |
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http://www.firstthings.com/ftissues/ft0411/reviews/deville.htm
(1056 words)
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| | LibertyGuide.com - Polycentric Law |
| | While the power of the Church rose to rival that of kings, the law of the church -- inspired by the newly rediscovered Justinian codification of Roman law -- rose to new levels of sophistication. | | | The actual issue, whether kings could invest bishops with the symbols of their office and so " make bishops," may seem obscure to us, but it had profound effects. | | | The Church's new-found independence in turn helped to develop the state, as kings reformed royal law to give it the order and strength of ecclesiastical law. |
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http://www.theihs.org/libertyguide/hsr/hsr.php/12.html
(6630 words)
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| | Final Study Guide |
| | How did this relate to the Gregorian reforms in the larger Church, and to changes in religious practice amond the laity? | | | 2) How did the Catholic Church respond to the Protestant Reformation? | | | Describe the conflict between Jansenists and Jesuits in seventeenth-century France, including Pascal’s critique in the Provincial Letters. |
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http://www.home.duq.edu/~parsonsj/church/final.html
(175 words)
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| | Untitled Document |
| | Here at Ely, then, we have a clue about the origin of a world without women, which was apparently much more recent than the alleged ancient Greek antecedents of Western scientific culture. | | | As an essentially sacred activity, science took shape in an epic social struggle over access to divine knowledge. | | | The first is that of Brithnoth, who became head of the abbey in 970, after it was restored as part of the monastic reform movement of the tenth century. |
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http://www.dhushara.com/book/renewal/voices2/white.htm
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| | Antipope Clement III - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Having attended one of Gregory's Lenten Synods, Guibert refused to attend the next, despite his promise to do so. | | | Shortly after Hildebrand was elected as Pope Gregory VII Guibert became one of the most visible leaders of opposition to the Gregorian reforms. | | | Emperor Henry IV named Guibert, then Bishop of Ravenna, as pope over the opposition of Pope Alexander II, who, however, accepted the situation once Guibert had been compelled to take an oath of allegiance. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antipope_Clement_III
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| | calenders-msg |
| | say that the Gregorian decree occured in 1582. | | | Finally in 1753, a year after England at last became enlightened, | | | In 1582, Gregory announced the Great Calendrical Reform, and dropped |
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http://www.florilegium.org/files/TIME/calenders-msg.html
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| | Aristean Calendar - God's Calendar for the New Millennium |
| | Signs Behind God's Calendar - Amazing signs that truly prove that the Aristean calendar came from God and Aristeo as the chosen one to present it to the world. | | | Why reform the Gregorian Calendar - List the shortcomings of the present Gregorian calendar. | | | Proposed reforms to Gregorian Calendar - Tabulated comparison of the Aristean calendar with three proposed perpetual calendars. |
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http://www.geocities.com/peacecrusader888/calendaridx.htm
(565 words)
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| | Untitled |
| | Setbacks were few, and the reforming urge initiated by Benedict of Aniane a century before fed the community with zealous members. | | | Hugh the Great (1049-1109) lead the house through the heady days of the Gregorian Reform, the initiation of the Crusades, the Spanish Reconquest and Cluny's period of greatest growth. | | | He expanded the monastic buildings and laid a marble cloister that was the envy of many a noble. |
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http://www.suite101.com/print_article.cfm/796/14115
(859 words)
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| | Talk:Lent - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Most Eastern Christians (except Finnish Orthodox and some Oriental Orthodox) us the Julian calendar to determine the date of Easter. | | | This means that Julian calendar calculated full moons show a greater discrepancy with actual full moons than those calculated according to the Gregorian calendar. | | | 21 March in the Julian calendar falls on the same day as 3 April in the Gregorian calendar: this leads to a difference in date when the calculated full moon falls between the dates. |
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http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Lent
(1404 words)
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| | Belmonts and Friends |
| | Leon Belmont was a church knight in the eleventh century during the Gregorian Reforms and the concurrent Christian Crusades. | | | He was a courageous young man who lived without fear and his combat abilities were unmatched. | | | He'll, of course, find the sub-weapons that will be passed on into the family; they are: |
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http://www.vgmuseum.com/mrp/heroes.htm
(2387 words)
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| | ORB: The Online Reference Book for Medieval Studies |
| | The year after Gerald's death, his neighbor, William of Aquitaine, faced with the problem of maintaining some lands he had acquired in far-off Burgundy, adopted exactly the same plan and established the monastery of Cluny, which was to reform the Church entirely and to reestablish its position in society. | | | B: In this sense, if in no other, Gerald merits his claim to sainthood. | | | It is quite possible that it served as an example, however. |
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http://www.the-orb.net/textbooks/nelson/gerald.html
(2960 words)
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| | religionandspirituality |
| | How to study religion: History of theology; history of the Church; or history of spirituality? | | | Gregory VII (1073 becomes Pope) &; Gregorian reforms |
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http://www.rci.rutgers.edu/~jemjones/religionandspirituality.html
(243 words)
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| | cmcmath : A Perpetual Calendar: Some Lessons in History and Mathematics |
| | Pope Gregory established this new calendar so that the date of Easter and other religious holy days could be more properly set. | | | Because the old Julian calendar was 3/4 of a day too long per century, the new Gregorian calendar skipped the leap year in three out of four century years and created what could be called "leap centuries." By the new calendar, 1600 was a leap year, but 1700, 1800, and 1900 were not. | | | In 1700, Spanish California was on the Gregorian calendar; the colonies were on the Julian, and there were undoubtedly also many Native American calendars. |
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http://www.cmc-math.org/PerpetualCalendar
(1474 words)
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| | Haskins Society Web Page -- Recent Publications 1999 |
| | Active in secular and religious affairs alike - Suger was Regent of France and also abbot of one of the most important abbeys in Europe during the time of the Gregorian reforms. | | | From this detailed study, Dr Aird argues that conquest, in the north-east at least, took a different, less traumatic form from that generally assumed from the early twelfth-century description of the reformation of the church in 1083. | | | But he is primarily remembered as a great artistic patron whose commissions included buildings in the new Gothic style. |
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http://www.haskins.cornell.edu/Recpubs1998.html
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| | Major Medieval Sources Having Significant Influence Upon the American Colonists Gregorian Reforms Instituted by William the Conqueror Sowing the seeds of separation of Church and State in the English world. | | | Luther claimed that this particular document was the cornerstone of the Protestant Reformation; it argues the idea of predestination and God's sovereignty, two principles which were paramount to many of the American colonists. | | | The Council of Trent (1545) The Roman Catholic responses to the Protestant Reformation. |
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http://www.parocks.com/bandcontent/03200pf.txt
(11229 words)
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