|
| |
| | Germanic languages - encyclopedia article about Germanic languages. |
 | | All Germanic languages are thought to be descended from a hypothetical Proto-Germanic, united by their having been subjected to the sound shifts of Grimm's law and Verner's law. | | | During the early Middle Ages, the West Germanic languages were separated by the insular development of Middle English on one hand, and by the High German consonant shift on the continent on the other, resulting in Upper German and Low German, with graded intermediate Central German dialects. | | | The East Germanic languages were marginalized from the end of the Migration period. |
|
http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Germanic+languages
(2902 words)
|
|
| |
| | History and Origins of the Swedes and Sweden |
| | The ancestor of all modern Scandinavian languages, beginning with the Germanic form, was developed from the languages of the Aesir (Thracian tribes) and Goths (Germanic tribes). | | | Not much is known about the Germanic tribes prior to this. | | | Pytheas translated Thule as "the place where the Sun goes to rest", which comes from the Germanic root word "Dhul-" meaning "to stop in a place, to take a rest." Pytheas described the people as barbarians (Germanic/Teutonic tribes) having an agricultural lifestyle, using barns and threshing their grains. |
|
http://www.osterholm.info/swedes.html
(2902 words)
|
|
| |
| | German Christians split over common Bible project : HindustanTimes.com |
| | Translation problems in the German and English-speaking worlds pose a challenge for the Vatican because local churches in other countries often use them as a reference when translating into their languages. | | | Before he was elected Pope, Benedict partly blamed modern translations for the drop in Sunday Mass attendance seen after the Church switched from Latin to local languages in the 1960s. | | | German Christians split over common Bible project : HindustanTimes.com |
|
http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1488293,00110001.htm
(556 words)
|
|
| |
| | GADARG - essays |
| | This broad agreement among the Germanic languages, when compared with the Celtic languages, would suggest that a common year is more likely to have existed in the Germanic rather than Celtic speaking parts of Europe. | | | The earliest description of the English (Anglo-Saxon) year is given by Bede in AD 725, who in a text on the church calendar, De Temporum Ratione, also described the Anglo-Saxon pagan year.(5) The year started at Yule (Geola) in the middle of winter, and was preceded by a festival known as Mothers Night (Modra Nect). | | | It should also be noted that the early Irish texts do not mention festivals on the solstices or equinoxes, hence the lack of Old Irish names for these. |
|
http://www.gadarg.org.uk/essays/e007.htm
(1385 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Norton Anthology of English Literature: The Middle Ages: Topic 4: Overview |
| | The close relationship between the language and literature of Anglo-Saxon England and other Germanic languages and literatures on the Continent may be illustrated from our second selection, a narrative poem based on the Book of Genesis in Manuscript Junius 11 now in the Bodleian Library of Oxford University. | | | Much of our knowledge of Germanic mythology and story, which was suppressed by the Church in England and on the Continent, survived in medieval Iceland where a deliberate effort was made to preserve ancient Germanic verse forms, mythology, legend, and political and family histories. | | | Therefore it is helpful for students, as it is for scholars, to see Beowulf and its place in literary history in the context of early Germanic literature that was little known before nineteenth-century philologists, editors, and translators, eager to establish their native traditions, made the poem available once more. |
|
http://www.wwnorton.com/nael/middleages/topic_4/welcome.htm
(1385 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Old New Thing : What's this fascination with Germanic languages? |
| | I found that studying Germanic languages was a great way to learn grammar, by golly. | | | Some people wondered about my fascination with Germanic languages and asked why I didn't branch out to other language families. | | | So all you need to do is read the books cover-to-cover, and you will get all the repetition you need, without having to back-track. |
|
http://blogs.msdn.com/oldnewthing/archive/2004/07/01/170857.aspx
(2554 words)
|
|
| |
| | Judaic Studies, Drexel University, Note This! |
| | The focus of this intellectual and cultural movement was to reform Jewish education and expose Jews to science, nature, and the major languages and cultures of the west. | | | Yiddish is the language associated with Ashkenazic Jews, whose settlement became significant in Germanic lands in about the ninth century. | | | Language planning for Yiddish was indeed coloured by many languages and dialects as well as by their numerous contrastive roles in Jewish society. |
|
http://www.drexel.edu/judaicstudies/jstpeltz1.html
(8429 words)
|
|
| |
| | History of the English Language Assignments |
| | What is Sanskrit and what does a comparison of its vocabulary and inflection with other IE languages suggest to scholars about the IE family [see IE Cognates handout]? | | | Not every question will warrant its own paragraph, and it will be possible to answer many questions together in the same paragraph. | | | Augustine was sent to Kent, the orange area at the southeast corner of England, by Pope Gregory in 597 A.D. You can read about his mission in Bede's Historia Ecclesiastica. |
|
http://www.de.utb.edu/achurch/helass.html
(8429 words)
|
|
| |
| | Celebrating Hispanic Heritage |
| | Language, religion, and many customs differed between resident Spanish speaking and the newly arrived others, who spoke English, Irish, German, and many other languages. | | | Unfortunately the hardest ethnicity's to research are Native Americans and African Americans, with written records going back 150 years; then Greek and Irish back 200 years; English, 300 years; Scots, Scandinavian, French and Italian are all 400 years; Germanic and Slavic, 500 years and Swiss 600 years. | | | Throughout the southwest, many Protestant Anglo men converted to the Catholic faith as a religious requirement to marry a Spanish speaking Catholic lady. |
|
http://www.somosprimos.com/heritage.htm
(8429 words)
|
|
| |
| | Yiddish and Judeo-Spanish: A European Heritage - YIDDISH |
| | Their vernacular language, based on the local Germanic dialect, has been enriched by numerous contributions from Hebrew and from the Romance languages. | | | Yiddish, which is written in Hebrew characters, is a composite language stemming from Judeo-German, that is to say the languages used by the Jews who settled in the Rhine Valley in the Middle Ages. | | | All literary languages have their own codified and unified forms of expression, as well as access to the universal literary heritage via translations. |
|
http://www.sefarad.org/hosted/english/eblul/yiddish.html
(4050 words)
|
|
| |
| | Jewish Languages -- European |
| | Before 1917 written in Hebrew characters, forced to Romanize in 1929, to Cyrilize in 1939, One of the 9 official and literary languages of Daghestan, in 1959 30,000 Jews listed as their mother tongue. | | | Germanic has given rise to only one Jewish language -- Yiddish. | | | This originated among the Zarphatic-speaking Jews of Ashkenaz -- they either moved eastward into German-speaking area or inhabited a Romance-speaking were taken over by a Germanic tribe. |
|
http://www.mishkan.com/jewish.lang.european.html
(879 words)
|
|
| |
| | Yiddish alphabet, pronunciation and language |
| | Yiddish is a Germanic language with about three million speakers, mainly Ashkenazic Jews, in the USA, Israel, Russia, Ukraine and many other countries. | | | From the 13th century they started to use the Hebrew script to write their language, which linguists refer to as Judeo-German or occasionally Proto-Yiddish. | | | The earliest known fragment of Judeo-German is a rhyming couplet in a Hebrew prayer book dating from 1272 or 1273. |
|
http://www.omniglot.com/writing/yiddish.htm
(324 words)
|
|
| |
| | Thesaurus Evaluation |
| | Purposes BT Germanic | | | Lexicographic authorities mentioned in the introduction are The Languages of Africa, which was used as the authority for African Languages and the Classification and Index of the World’s Languages, which was consulted for creating the preferred terms and entry vocabulary for all non-African languages. | | | Scope Notes (SN) give a brief statement of the intended meaning for the main term. |
|
http://faculty.washington.edu/gbwhit23/Fall99/Assignment2.htm
(1696 words)
|
|
| |
| | Chapter twelve |
| | By sorting out the non-native forms, and establishing the phonological correspondence between Germanic and the other Indo-European languages, Grimm, Rask and the early historical linguists laid down the methodological principles for their field. | | | Notable is the preference of Iranian, Armenian and Slavic (in their oldest form) for the dental spirants over against the palatals of Sanskrit and the linguals of Lithuanian; but nothing is proved by this about the closer relationship of these languages to one another. | | | It agrees in part with the Aryan languages in the palatalization of the palato-velars, but in another area it also preserves palato-velars unchanged, like Balto-Slavic; for this reason it can neither be subordinated to Aryan (in the usual sense) nor be taken away from it. |
|
http://www.utexas.edu/cola/depts/lrc/iedocctr/ie-docs/lehmann/reader/Chapter12.html
(1696 words)
|
|
| |
| | A Natural History of the @ Sign: Part One |
| | The various dialects of Arabic are, of course, written in Arabic script, using a very different alphabet from English, French, and other European languages. | | | This germanic language is spoken on the Frisian Islands in the North Sea off the coast of Holland, Germany, and Denmark. | | | As a result, while in some languages @ is simply called "at," in others, a wide variety of interesting nicknames have been developed for this little symbol. |
|
http://www.herodios.com/atsign.htm
(1459 words)
|
|
| |
| | CSLI Calendar, 16 April 1997, vol. 12:24 |
| | Upon the resulting two syllabification patterns, the West Germanic languages superimpose a new prosodic structure which lengthens the weak branch of a foot, triggering both West Germanic gemination and high vowel deletion after bimoraic sequences. | | | In the latter case, the foot structure constraints are implemented by glide deletion in Scandinavian and in Old English, and by Sievers' Law in Gothic and continental West Germanic, where glide deletion is prevented by higher-ranked Faithfulness constraints. | | | Note that the CSLI Calendar no longer has a paper version. |
|
http://www-csli.stanford.edu/Archive/calendar/1996-97/msg00024.html
(1595 words)
|
|
| |
| | Ways of Indo-Aryan Migrations: an article by Cyril Babaev |
| | After that for half a century Sanskrit and other, later discovered forms of the Old Indic language were thought by scholars to have been the oldest forms of "Indo-Germanic", the direct descendants of the Proto-language. | | | It seems that the language of Mitanni Aryans was not exactly like Vedic or Classical Sanskrit of India. | | | Many of them coincide also with Iranian, Avestan names, but we should note that in Mitanni Aryan Indara and Vruwanassil are mentioned as powerful gods, and in Avesta they are either minor deities (like Indra) or even angry demons (like Varuna). |
|
http://indoeuro.bizland.com/archive/article17.html
(1595 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Hail Mary in Various Languages |
| | Cornish is a language of the Celtic family of Indo-European languages spoken initially in Cornwall and the southwest of England. | | | It is essentially a Germanic language which is closely related to but as distinct from Standard German as is Dutch. | | | Polish is the most widely spoken of the Western Slavic languages, with 36,554,000 speakers in Poland, representing 98% of the population as of 1986. |
|
http://www.udayton.edu/mary/resources/flhm01.html
(5178 words)
|
|
| |
| | Ways of Indo-Aryan Migrations: an article by Cyril Babaev |
| | However, the interest towards Indo-Aryan languages remained high, and nowadays Sanskrit and Vedic are still regarded as one of the ancient Indo-European branches. | | | After that for half a century Sanskrit and other, later discovered forms of the Old Indic language were thought by scholars to have been the oldest forms of "Indo-Germanic", the direct descendants of the Proto-language. | | | Actually the term "Aryan" should be referred to both Indo-Iranian branches - they both called themselves ar, ir 'nobles' which was the name of their ancient community. |
|
http://indoeuro.bizland.com/archive/article17.html
(5178 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Online Books Page: Browse call numbers: PC |
| | Old Germanic and Scandinavian Languages and Literature (Go to start of category) | | | PD1123.W7 Grammar of the Gothic Language, and the Gospel of St. Mark, Selections From the Other Gospels, and the Second Epistle to Timothy, With Notes and Glossary | | | PD1191.B3 A Comparative Glossary of the Gothic Language, With Especial Reference to English and German |
|
http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/subjectstart?PC
(552 words)
|
|
| |
| | Germanic calendar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | Each group of Germanic peoples developed its own names for the months, which have long since been replaced with local adaptations of the Romanic month names, although Germanic languages have largely kept to this day the old Germanic names for days of the week, most of which are named after old Germanic gods. | | | Germanic months were lunar months of 29 days; both the English language "month" and the German language "Monat" are cognate with the word "moon". | | | The Germanic calendars were any of the various calendars in use among the Germanic peoples prior to the introduction of the Julian calendar |
|
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eostremonat
(341 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Icelandic Language Page 2 - the Althingi |
| | Speakers of Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish (same North Germanic group of languages as Icelandic) can understand each other, but have difficulty with Icelandic. | | | A speaker of English (West Germanic group, with German and Dutch) might recognize some written words, but will not understand spoken Icelandic. | | | In Alþingi the court judged in cases between people if they had arguments |
|
http://www.worldkidmag.com/iceland_language_2.htm
(341 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Names of the Days of the Week |
| | The Germanic languages substituted Germanic equivalents for the names of four of the Roman gods: Tiw, the god of war, replaced Mars; Woden, the god of wisdom, replaced Mercury; Thor, the god of thunder, replaced Jupiter; and Frigg, the goddess of love, replaced Venus. | | | NOTE: The seven-day week originated in ancient Mesopotamia and became part of the Roman calendar in C.E. The names of the days are based on the seven celestial bodies (the Sun, the Moon, Mars, Mercury, Jupiter, Venus, and Saturn), believed at that time to revolve around Earth and influence its events. |
|
http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0770839.html
(147 words)
|
|
| |
| | The Norse |
| | Ancient Scandinavia was dominated by speakers of North Germanic languages, including Old Norwegian, Old Swedish, Old Danish, and Old Icelandic. | | | Study of Old Norse texts is especially informative about early Germanic culture because the Scandinavians were converted to Christianity much later than the East and West Germanic peoples (around 1000 CE). | | | Norse mythology could be used as ornamental material in Scandinavian poetry without offense, much as pagan Greek and Roman mythology was used by the deeply religious John Milton to ornament his Christian epic, Paradise Lost. |
|
http://www.brown.edu/Departments/Medieval_Studies/russom/norse.html
(147 words)
|
|
| |
| | Calendar |
| | Germanic Languages and Literatures and the Jewish and Near Eastern Studies Program lecture. | | | Calendar submissions should state time, date, place, sponsor(s), title of event or lecture, name(s) of speaker(s), speaker(s) affiliations and admission cost. | | | Events sponsored by the University - its departments, schools, centers, organizations and recognized student organizations - are published in the calendar. |
|
http://record.wustl.edu/archive/1998/10-22-98/calendar.html
(1303 words)
|
|
| |
| | Germanic Studies Fellowships |
| | Nominations are usually solicited in February and have to come from members of the faculty in the Department of Germanic Languages. | | | This award is to be given to a student who continues his studies in Germanic literature or linguistics during the ensuing year. | | | The Helmut Rehder Graduate Scholarship is an honor which will be bestowed upon the graduate student who has excelled academically and in activities that serve the Department of Germanic Studies including initiatives and enterprises that do honorable service to the life of The University as a whole. |
|
http://www.utexas.edu/ogs/otherfellowships/german.html
(233 words)
|
|
| |
| | Graduate Certificate Programs - University of Pittsburgh: Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures |
| | The combination TESOL degree typically can be completed in two calendar years and requires 24 credits in the Department of Germanic Languages and Literatures plus additional work in the cooperating department. | | | This communication will outline what pre-requisite work is lacking and, if possible, how these pre-requisites may be fulfilled during the summer before entering the MA program in German. | | | Applicants should include a well-written goal statement describing a) why they are interested in teaching and b) any past experiences that support teaching as a career. |
|
http://www.pitt.edu/~germanic/graduate/certificate.html
(656 words)
|
|
| |
| | Nations_of_old-world.txt |
| | The northern tribes (of todays Poland) spoke many different languages, such as Pomeranian, and had little to do with the Polanie. | | | Roman conquest brought colonists, the Latin language - from which descended the Romanian language - and Christianity." "Faced by successive invasions of Germanic tribes, the Roman administration withdrew two centuries later [300s]. | | | Up to and during the Roman occupation of Britain, Wales was not a separate country, but all inhabitants of the British Isles spoke Celtic languages and were essentially of the same ethnic origin." "When Rome withdrew its rule from Britain in A.D. 410, Wales was left self-governing. |
|
http://landru.i-link-2.net/jtrees/text/Nations_of_old-world.txt
(2252 words)
|
|
| |
| | Dewey Decimal Classification System |
| | 033 General encyclopedic works in other Germanic languages | | | 059 General serials & their indexes In other languages | | | 935 History of ancient world Mesopotamia & Iranian Plateau |
|
http://www.tnrdlib.bc.ca/dewey.html
(2252 words)
|
|
| |
| | Netherlandic language - Wikipedia |
| | Netherlandic, also called Dutch (from Netherlandic 'duits', which in modern Netherlandic means 'German', but formerly was used for Low German and its related languages to distinguish them from French), is a West Germanic language most closely related to Low German on the one hand and Frisian and English on the other hand. | | | Of all major languages, Dutch is the one that is closest to English, however, the less-known Frisian language is even closer to English (although still much closer to Dutch). | | | Around 1600, a unified language was created from these to make the first Dutch bible translation, consisting of elements from various dialects, but mostly based on the dialects from Holland, and this point can be taken as the starting point of Dutch as a language. |
|
http://nostalgia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutch_language
(537 words)
|
|
|
