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| | First Crusade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
 | | First known Islamic discussion of the concept of jihad written in the aftermath of the First Crusade. | | | This was a new attitude to religion: it brought religious discipline, previously applicable to monks, to soldiery—the new concept of a religious warrior and the chivalric ethos. | | | Older scholarship on this issue asserts that the bulk of the participants were likely younger sons of nobles who were dispossessed of land and influenced by the practise of primogeniture, and poorer knights who were looking for a new life in the wealthy east. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Crusade
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| | Crusade - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
| | By processions, prayers, and preaching, the Church attempted to set another crusade on foot, and the Fourth Council of the Lateran (1215) formulated a plan for the recovery of the Holy Land. | | | The Fourth Crusade was originally intended to reach the Holy Land, but was re-directed by the Venetians against Constantinople. | | | All of this eventually manifested in the overwhelming popular support for the First Crusade, and the religious vitality of the 12th century. |
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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crusade
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| | CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Crusades |
| | The honour of initiating the crusade has also been attributed to Peter the Hermit, a recluse of Picardy, who, after a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and a vision in the church of the Holy Sepulchre, went to Urban II and was commissioned by him to preach the crusade. | | | The Crusades were expeditions undertaken, in fulfilment of a solemn vow, to deliver the Holy Places from Mohammedan tyranny. | | | The Venetians received half the booty; the portion of each crusader was determined according to his rank of baron, knight, or bailiff, and most of the churches of the West were enriched with ornaments stripped from those of Constantinople. |
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http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04543c.htm
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| | Crusades. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-05 |
| | The Sixth Crusade, 1228–29, undertaken by Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, was simply a peaceful visit, in the course of which the emperor made a truce with the Muslims, securing the partial surrender of Jerusalem and other holy places. | | | In their consequences, the crusades in Europe were as important as those in the Holy Land. | | | Alexius (later Alexius IV), son of the deposed Byzantine emperor Isaac II and brother-in-law of Philip of Swabia, a sponsor of the crusade, joined the army at Zara and persuaded the leaders to help him depose his uncle, Alexius III. |
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http://www.bartleby.com/65/cr/Crusades.html
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| | People-First Language: An Unholy Crusade |
| | This criticism is certainly on the mark; however, it is the least significant of the arguments against the preferred language crusade. | | | However, near the end of her research, she includes what I judge to be a crucial observation: "We do not even have data to support the claim, and belief, that those who are disabled themselves prefer what is now called nondisabling language" (p. | | | But these other views, the subject of this paper, make the people-first crusade appear not very holy and perhaps even harmful. |
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http://www.blind.net/bpg00006.htm
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| | The New Yorker: The Critics: Books |
| | In its original meaning, a crusade was a Christian holy war, and in that sense it was a contradiction in terms. | | | First, as the postcolonial theorists would say, it “otherized” the Muslims. | | | At the end of the sack, Asbridge writes, the Crusaders “came, still covered in their enemies’ blood, weighed down with booty, ‘rejoicing and weeping with excessive gladness to worship at the Sepulchre of our Savior Jesus.’ ” (He is quoting an eyewitness.) They had fulfilled their vow. |
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http://www.newyorker.com/critics/books?041213crbo_books
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| | The Christian Crusades: 1095-1291 |
| | Crusades (The Catholic Encyclopedia) The Crusades were expeditions undertaken to deliver the Holy Places from Moslem control. | | | The red cross was taken as the official sign of the pilgrims, and Bishop Adhemar of Le Puy was chosen as papal legate and the spiritual leader of the expedition." | | | The conquering of the great Christian city in 1204 ended the Fourth Crusade and had significant religious and political consequences. |
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http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/bible/crusades.stm
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| | Tthornton : |
| | The Crusaders converted the Dome of the Rock into a church, and the al-Aqsa Mosque into a palace for the Crusaders kings which they called the "Temple of Solomon." | | | Urban saw a crusade as an opportunity to reunite the eastern and western branches of Christianity and to bolster his own extremely weak authority within Europe itself, torn apart by the struggle between popes and emperors over who had the right to make religious appointments (the "Investiture Controversies"). | | | Urban promised all who joined the crusade "plenary indulgence," full absolution of their sins. |
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http://www.nmhschool.org/tthornton/mehistorydatabase/crusades.htm
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| | crusadesbegin |
| | He preached the Crusades to the poor peasant fanatics, and collected a small army to pilgrimage to the Holy L | | | It was suggested that if the Crusaders could kill the enemies of God abroad, then what's to stop them at home. | | | However, as it turned out, most of their victims were Byzantine Christians who lived in and around Nicaea. |
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http://www.medievalcrusades.com/crusadesbegin.htm
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| | Amazon.com: The First Crusade 1096-99 : Conquest of the Holy Land (Campaign): Books: David Nicolle,Christa Hook |
| | This book is about the First Crusade that followed, and saw several armies of ‘armed pilgrims’ march across Europe to the Holy Land. | | | The book discusses the various aspects of the Crusades, such as reasons for its start, who were the participants and descriptions of the political climate at that time in both Europe and the Middle East. | | | They were unleashed on a divided and fragmented Islamic world and won a series of apparently miraculous victories, capturing the Holy City of Jerusalem itself. |
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http://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/1841765155?v=glance
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| | Medieval Sourcebook: Ekkehard of Aurach: On the Opening of the First Crusade |
| | [Some declare the crusade inexpedient] Here I am very anxious to add certain details concerning these military undertakings, which are due to divine rather than human inspiration. | | | The many peoples who took part in the First Crusade. | | | They, like the Epicureans, prefer the broad way of pleasure to the narrow way of God's service. |
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http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/ekkehard-aur1.html
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| | Revival Fire Crusade - Living Water Ministries' First Crusade |
| | On several nights, Donald and Teresa Land joined us in the praise and worship. | | | Chris and Kristi getting into the Spirit during praise and worship... | | | Joy overflowed as people were healed, delivered, and set completely free! |
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http://www.globaloutpouring.com/1stCrusade.html
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| | crusadesII.htm |
| | Crusades - Crusading Vows and Privleges : This tells of what happened BEFORE leaving on the Crusade. | | | Crusades: A Defensive Gesture : An essay defending the Christian role in the Crusades. | | | This site has some information on the Crusades, and information on a group of people who followed the same route in 1996. |
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http://www.fidnet.com/~weid/crusadesII.htm
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| | ORB --Crusades |
| | This activity was not sanctioned by the Church, and the Church was at some pains to suppress it, with varying degrees of success. | | | This has been called the Peasants' Crusade or, more properly, the Peoples' Crusade. | | | This sort of participation was not what the authorities had had in mind, and no one was prepared to deal with them. |
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http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/crusades/first_crusade.html
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| | The First Crusade, 1095-1100 |
| | Against all odds, the first armed pilgrimage to the Holy Land was successful, and the Christians captured Jerusalem in 1100. | | | Although it was only ninety years before the Muslims had reorganized and taken back most of what they had lost, the effect of the crusaders' success was great. | | | They had reconquered Sicily and southern Italy from the Muslims, and there was a general sense that, like the Vikings and Magyars, the force of the Muslims was spent and that the way eastward lay open. |
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http://www.ku.edu/kansas/medieval/108/lectures/first_crusade.html
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| | NPR : The First Crusade |
| | We discuss the crusade that transformed relations with the Islamic world forever. | | | Author of The First Crusade: A New History the Roots of Conflict Between Christianity and Islam. | | | Some 900 years ago, 10,000 Christians answered the pope's call and set off for Jerusalem. |
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http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=3921982
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| | First Crusade |
| | The Holy Land is now under Islamic control, which sets the stage for later tensions. | | | Nov, 1095: Pope Urban II speaks to the Council of Clermont and calls for a crusade to free the Holy Land. | | | End of Apr, 1097: First Crusade begins the march in Anatolia to Nicaea |
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http://www.medievaltymes.com/courtyard/first_crusade.htm
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| | Bibliography of the First Crusade |
| | MORRIS, Colin, “The aims and spirituality of the crusade as seen through the eyes of Albert of Aix”, | | | The Jews and the Crusaders: The Hebrew Chronicles of the First and Second Crusades, ed. | | | FRANCE, John, “Anna Comnena, the Alexiad and the First Crusade”, |
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http://www.deremilitari.org/biblio/firstcrusade.htm
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| | The Crusader Period |
| | Crusader authority in the Land ended after a final defeat (1291) by the Mamluks, a Muslim military class which had come to power in Egypt. | | | After the overthrow of the Crusaders by a Muslim army under Saladin (1187), the Jews were again accorded a certain measure of freedom, including the right to live in Jerusalem. | | | Barricaded in their synagogues, the Jews defended their quarter, only to be burnt to death or sold into slavery. |
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http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/Crusader.html
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| | The First Crusade - What If - History - Radio 4 |
| | It was at a speech made outside Clermont Ferrand that Pope Urban II called for a Crusade to claim the holy city of Jerusalem for Christianity, and wrest it from Islamic control. | | | After a year all of the Crusaders' horses had died, as had most of their pack animals. | | | This was the start of a movement that continued, some historians argue, for over 500 years. |
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http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/what_if20020404.shtml
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| | The First Crusade - History for Kids! |
| | Thousands of Jews were robbed and killed by these Crusaders, just because they were not Christians. | | | They were surprised to see all the civilized things in the city of Jerusalem - the Dome of the Rock mosque, and hot baths, and advanced Islamic medicine. | | | They went by different routes, some by land and some by sea, to Constantinople. |
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http://www.historyforkids.org/learn/medieval/history/highmiddle/bernard.htm
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| | First Crusade Research |
| | Translation of Surviving Documents from the First Crusade |
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http://www.ordotempli.org/first_crusade_research.htm
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| | HWC, First Crusade |
| | The First Crusade was called by Pope Urban II in 1095. | | | But they knew well that Jerusalem was in the hands of the Muslims, and that the Turks were a new and fearsome presence in the region. | | | The reason why he did this has long been a cause of debate among historians. |
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http://www.english.udel.edu/dean/621/clermont.html
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| | TheHistoryNet: From the World's Largest History Magazine Publisher |
| | The tens of millions of American who will take to the Interstates this summer to speedily reach their vacation destinations can thank the visionary Dwight D. Eisenhower for making it all possible. | | | Among our latest additions to TheHistoryNet is the story behind the creation of what was first known as The National Highway Defense System. |
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http://www.historynet.com
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